Osteology and Arthro

Question 1

ttrfrtdefine osteology

Answer 1

the study of bones

Question 2

define athrology

Answer 2

science of anatomy, function, dysfunction, treatment of the bones

Question 3

what are the functions of the skeleton

Answer 3

-supporting framework for the body
-protection for vital organs
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)
-mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
-attach points for muscles
-bone is plastic (mendable and placidity in bones)

Question 4

what is the origin and insertion

Answer 4

origin: attach site to the muscle that doesn’t move

Insertion: attach site that does move with the muscle

Question 5

give an example of the origin and insertion

Answer 5

arm:
scapula acts as origin

belly is the biceps of brachii

insertion is radius

Question 6

what is the belly

Answer 6

muscle that joins to the origin and insertion

Question 7

what is spongy bone

Answer 7

-contains red bone marrow
-is on outside of bone (protective layer)
-very porous

Question 8

what is the difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

Answer 8

red bone marrow
-stem cells that can become white or red blood cells or platelets

yellow bone marrow
-mostly made of fat with stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

Question 9

what is the medullary cavity

Answer 9

-hallow part of the bone in diaphysis (shaft of bone)
-bone marrow
-makes blood cells and stores fat
-turns into yellow bone marrow in adult hood
-not found in flat bones

Question 10

what is the periosteum

Answer 10

-membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around the bone
-is the blood supply for the bone
-gives bone some feeling

Question 11

what is the distal epiphysis

Answer 11

-growth plate
-longitude growth at the end
-70% of where growth happens in the femur

Question 12

what is the epiphyseal line

Answer 12

-at the top of the bone
-is the growth plate

Question 13

what are octyeocytes

Answer 13

-compact calcium that has turned to bone

Question 14

what is the matrix

Answer 14

-nutrients that surrounds the bone
-counteracts added stress (adds protection)

Question 15

what is the matrix made up of

Answer 15

-25% water
-25% protein (collagen)
-50% mineral salts (calcium phosphate/carbonate)

Question 16

describe in one word, what happens to adults bone as they grow with physical activity

Answer 16

-denser
-more minelerized
-adding more layer of protection

Question 17

what bones are in the skull part of the axial Skelton

Answer 17

(skull)
-cranium (8)
-face (14)
-auditory ossieles (6)
-hyoid (throat) (1)

Question 18

what bones are in the vertebrae part of the axial skeleton

Answer 18

nothing just the vertebrae (26)

Question 19

what bones are in the thorax part of the axial skeleton

Answer 19

-sternum (1)
-ribs (24)

Question 20

how many bones total are there in the axial skeleton

Answer 20

80 bones

Question 21

what bones are in the upper appendicular Skeleton

Answer 21

-shoulder girdle (4)
-arms and hands (60)

Question 22

what bones are in the lower appendicular skeleton

Answer 22

-pelvic girdle (2)
-legs and feet (60)

Question 23

how many bone in total in the appendicular skeleton

Answer 23

126 bones

Question 24

long bones

Answer 24

longer than wide

Question 25

short bones

Answer 25

wider than longer

Question 26

flat bones

Answer 26

flat and broad surface

Question 27

irregular bones

Answer 27

bones that are complex shape that they don't fit a category

Question 28

sesamoid bones

Answer 28

small bones that forms in tendons

Question 29

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Question 32

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Question 33

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Question 34

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Question 35

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Question 36

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Question 37

what does the vertebrae column do

Answer 37

-provides flexible support for the trunk -protects spinal cord

Question 38

what is the acetabulum

Answer 38

hip socket

Question 39

Answer 39

Question 40

what are facets?

Answer 40

flat areas in the spine

Question 41

what do interverbtal discs function as

Answer 41

shock absorbers to allow movement so the column is flexible and resilient

Question 42

define scoliosis

Answer 42

a lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Question 43

define kyphosis

Answer 43

"hump back" an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve

Question 44

define lordosis

Answer 44

"booty/pelivic out" an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

Question 45

fibrous joint

Answer 45

-immovable/fixed

Question 46

True or false A joint provides either stability and/or mobility

Answer 46

true

Question 47

cartilaginous joints

Answer 47

-slightly movable

Question 48

synovial joints

Answer 48

-freely movable -lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each during joint movement to reduce friction -supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply

Question 49

what are the three classifications of joints

Answer 49

-fiborous -cartiligounous -synovial

Question 50

describe the the movement of the pivot joint (synovial joint)

Answer 50

-unaxial joint -allows rotational movement

Question 51

provide an example for the pivot joint

Answer 51

-altantoaxial joint (c1-c2 vertebrae articulation) -promixal radiolnuar joint

Question 52

describe the hinge joint movement (synovial joint)

Answer 52

-unaxial joint -allows flexion/extension movements

Question 53

provide an example for the hinge joint

Answer 53

-knee, elbow, ankle -interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes

Question 54

describe the movement of the condolyiod joint (synovial joint)

Answer 54

-biaxial joint -allows flexion/extension, abduction movements, and circumduction movements

Question 55

provide an example for the condyloid joint (synovial joint)

Answer 55

-metacarpophalangeal knuckle joints of fingers -radiocarpel joint of wrist -metacarpel for toes

Question 56

what's a ligament

Answer 56

fibrous connective tissue that connects bone together

Question 57

what's a tendon

Answer 57

fibrourous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

Question 58

what's a bursa

Answer 58

small sac filled with novel fluid and located at frictions points moat located between tendon and bone

Question 59

explain what a sprain is

Answer 59

overstretching of ligaments

Question 60

explain the difference types of sprains

Answer 60

1st degree: fibres are stretched 2nd degree: partial tear of ligaments 3rd degree: rupture of ligaments

Question 61

explain what a dislocation is

Answer 61

bones that are displaced

Question 62

what happens to ligaments and the surrounding area in a dislocation

Answer 62

ligaments are sprained and an be torn in severe cases blood vessels are often ruptured and nerves may be compressed

Question 63

which parts of the body are more prone to dislocation

Answer 63

the shoulder joint and knee joint

Question 64

name 3 joint conditions and what they are

Answer 64

1. subluxation: partial discloation cause: trauma and infection 2. bursitis: inflamed bursae cuase: trauma and infection 3. arthritis: joint inflammation cuase: trauma, infection, metabolic disorders, age

Question 65

what are some structural limits to flexibility

Answer 65

-bony structure of joints -ligaments -joint capsules -muscle tendon unit

Question 66

name 6 joint movements and do them

Answer 66

-flexion, extension -abduction, adduction -rotation (medial and lateral) -supination, pronation -elevation, depression -plantar flexion, dorsiflexion

Question 67

what is the frontal plane

Answer 67

anterior and posterior portions

Question 68

what is the sagittal plane

Answer 68

right and left sides

Question 69

what is the transverse plane

Answer 69

superior and inferior portions