Osteology and Arthro Flashcards
ttrfrtdefine osteology
the study of bones
define athrology
science of anatomy, function, dysfunction, treatment of the bones
what are the functions of the skeleton
-supporting framework for the body
-protection for vital organs
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)
-mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
-attach points for muscles
-bone is plastic (mendable and placidity in bones)
what is the origin and insertion
origin: attach site to the muscle that doesn’t move
Insertion: attach site that does move with the muscle
give an example of the origin and insertion
arm:
scapula acts as origin
belly is the biceps of brachii
insertion is radius
what is the belly
muscle that joins to the origin and insertion
what is spongy bone
-contains red bone marrow
-is on outside of bone (protective layer)
-very porous
what is the difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
red bone marrow
-stem cells that can become white or red blood cells or platelets
yellow bone marrow
-mostly made of fat with stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
what is the medullary cavity
-hallow part of the bone in diaphysis (shaft of bone)
-bone marrow
-makes blood cells and stores fat
-turns into yellow bone marrow in adult hood
-not found in flat bones
what is the periosteum
-membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around the bone
-is the blood supply for the bone
-gives bone some feeling
what is the distal epiphysis
-growth plate
-longitude growth at the end
-70% of where growth happens in the femur
what is the epiphyseal line
-at the top of the bone
-is the growth plate
what are octyeocytes
-compact calcium that has turned to bone
what is the matrix
-nutrients that surrounds the bone
-counteracts added stress (adds protection)
what is the matrix made up of
-25% water
-25% protein (collagen)
-50% mineral salts (calcium phosphate/carbonate)
describe in one word, what happens to adults bone as they grow with physical activity
-denser
-more minelerized
-adding more layer of protection
what bones are in the skull part of the axial Skelton
(skull)
-cranium (8)
-face (14)
-auditory ossieles (6)
-hyoid (throat) (1)
what bones are in the vertebrae part of the axial skeleton
nothing just the vertebrae (26)
what bones are in the thorax part of the axial skeleton
-sternum (1)
-ribs (24)
how many bones total are there in the axial skeleton
80 bones
what bones are in the upper appendicular Skeleton
-shoulder girdle (4)
-arms and hands (60)
what bones are in the lower appendicular skeleton
-pelvic girdle (2)
-legs and feet (60)
how many bone in total in the appendicular skeleton
126 bones
long bones
longer than wide
short bones
wider than longer
flat bones
flat and broad surface
irregular bones
bones that are complex shape that they don’t fit a category
sesamoid bones
small bones that forms in tendons
what does the vertebrae column do
-provides flexible support for the trunk
-protects spinal cord
what is the acetabulum
hip socket
what are facets?
flat areas in the spine
what do interverbtal discs function as
shock absorbers to allow movement so the column is flexible and resilient
define scoliosis
a lateral curvature of the vertebral column
define kyphosis
“hump back”
an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve
define lordosis
“booty/pelivic out”
an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve
fibrous joint
-immovable/fixed
True or false
A joint provides either stability and/or mobility
true
cartilaginous joints
-slightly movable
synovial joints
-freely movable
-lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each during joint movement to reduce friction
-supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply
what are the three classifications of joints
-fiborous
-cartiligounous
-synovial
describe the the movement of the pivot joint (synovial joint)
-unaxial joint
-allows rotational movement
provide an example for the pivot joint
-altantoaxial joint (c1-c2 vertebrae articulation)
-promixal radiolnuar joint
describe the hinge joint movement (synovial joint)
-unaxial joint
-allows flexion/extension movements
provide an example for the hinge joint
-knee, elbow, ankle
-interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes
describe the movement of the condolyiod joint (synovial joint)
-biaxial joint
-allows flexion/extension, abduction movements, and circumduction movements
provide an example for the condyloid joint (synovial joint)
-metacarpophalangeal knuckle joints of fingers
-radiocarpel joint of wrist
-metacarpel for toes
what’s a ligament
fibrous connective tissue that connects bone together
what’s a tendon
fibrourous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
what’s a bursa
small sac filled with novel fluid and located at frictions points
moat located between tendon and bone
explain what a sprain is
overstretching of ligaments
explain the difference types of sprains
1st degree: fibres are stretched
2nd degree: partial tear of ligaments
3rd degree: rupture of ligaments
explain what a dislocation is
bones that are displaced
what happens to ligaments and the surrounding area in a dislocation
ligaments are sprained and an be torn in severe cases
blood vessels are often ruptured and nerves may be compressed
which parts of the body are more prone to dislocation
the shoulder joint and knee joint
name 3 joint conditions and what they are
- subluxation: partial discloation
cause: trauma and infection - bursitis: inflamed bursae
cuase: trauma and infection - arthritis: joint inflammation
cuase: trauma, infection, metabolic disorders, age
what are some structural limits to flexibility
-bony structure of joints
-ligaments
-joint capsules
-muscle tendon unit
name 6 joint movements and do them
-flexion, extension
-abduction, adduction
-rotation (medial and lateral)
-supination, pronation
-elevation, depression
-plantar flexion, dorsiflexion
what is the frontal plane
anterior and posterior portions
what is the sagittal plane
right and left sides
what is the transverse plane
superior and inferior portions
