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BPK 142 > cardioresp > Flashcards

cardioresp Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the upper resp system

A

-pharnx
-nasal cavity
-vocal chords
-tongue
-larynx
-esophogous

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2
Q

what is included in the lower resp system

A

-trachea
-lungs
-diagphram
-bronchus

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3
Q

what are the main components of the respiratory system as a whole (thin parts where you breathe out of)

A

-layrnx
-pharynx
-nasal cavity
-bronchi
-lungs
-trachea

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4
Q

what Is the trachea

A

-Known as the “windpipe,” it is the main airway leading into the respiratory system.
-Supported by cartilage rings that prevent the airway from collapsing.

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5
Q

list the three main types of bronchi in the respiratory system

A

Primary bronchi (lead to each lung), secondary bronchi (lead to each lobe of the lung), and tertiary bronchi (further divide to distribute air deeper in the lungs)

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6
Q

what is the difference between terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

A

terminal bronchioles bring to where gas echnage will occur whereas respiratory bronchioles mark the start of the respiratory zone and allow for gas exchange

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7
Q

what is the relationship between Alveolar Ducts, and alveolar sacs

A

AD branch off of bronchioles, and lead to AS so more amounts of gas exchange can occur

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8
Q

define “anatomic dead space” in the respiratory system

A

anatomic dead space (VD) is the volume of the conducting airways, approximately 150 mL, which does not participate in gas exchange

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9
Q

why is airway resistance important in the respiratory system

A

it controls airflow rate, aids in filtration of particles, helps balance internal lung pressures to prevent collapse, and regulates oxygen intake based on activity level

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10
Q

what role does the larynx play in the respiratory system

A

the larynx directs food and air to the correct passages, protects the airway, and contains the vocal cords for sound production

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11
Q

what happens to cartilage as airways branch deeper into the lungs

A

supportive cartilage is gradually replaced by smooth muscle, allowing for flexible regulation of airway diameter

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12
Q

describe how lost weight primarily leaves the body and the main byproducts of this process

A

-cO2 cuz fatty acids and glycerol which are used for energy are converted to co2
-with the rest excreted as water (H₂O) through urine, sweat, and other bodily fluids

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13
Q

what is the respiratory membrane, and where is it located

A

the respiratory membrane separates the air molecules in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries, facilitating gas exchange

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14
Q

what is the average thickness of the respiratory membrane

A

the respiratory membrane is about 0.6 micrometers thick

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15
Q

why is the respiratory membrane so thin

A

to facilitate the gas exchange through the thin blood capillaries

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16
Q

what is the approximate surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult

A

the surface area is about 70 square meters, which is roughly the size of one side of a tennis court

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17
Q

how does the large surface area of the respiratory membrane benefit the respiratory system

A

the large surface area allows for extensive gas exchange, meeting the body’s oxygen demands and facilitating carbon dioxide removal

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18
Q

what does pulmonary ventilation rely on

A

pressure differences (changes in lung volume)

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19
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, enabling oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

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20
Q

how does air move in relation to pressure

A

air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, which is essential for inhalation and exhalation

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21
Q

state Boyle’s Law and explain its role in breathing

A

boyle’s Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. In breathing, when lung volume increases, pressure decreases (inhalation); when lung volume decreases, pressure increases (exhalation)

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22
Q

what happens during inhalation (inspiration) in terms of lung volume and pressure

A

during inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure inside the lungs, causing air to flow in

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23
Q

what happens during exhalation (expiration) in terms of lung volume and pressure

A

increase pressure in the lungs, decrease volume, diagram comes round again and causes intercostal muscles to relax

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24
Q

define lung compliance and explain its significance in breathing

A

lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand for a given change in alveolar pressure. High compliance allows easy lung expansion, while low compliance makes breathing more effortful

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25
Q

describe the pressure difference required for air movement in the lungs

A

breathing requires a pressure difference between the pulmonary air (within the lungs) and atmospheric air. Inhalation occurs when pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure; exhalation occurs when it is higher

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26
Q

what is Boyles law formula

A

p1v1= p2v2

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27
Q

What pressure changes occur in the thoracic cavity during inhalation and by how much

A

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, causing the pressure inside to decrease by 1-2 mm Hg compared to atmospheric pressure, leading air to flow into the lungs

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28
Q

how does the pressure gradient drive air into the lungs during inhalation

A

the decreased pressure in the lungs (lower than atmospheric pressure) causes air to move into the lungs to equalize the pressure

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29
Q

what is the very thin wall of the respiroty membrane optimized for?

A

diffusion

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30
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the volume of gas inspired or expired with each breathe

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31
Q

how much tidal volume (Vt) per inspiration or expiration at rest

A

500ml

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32
Q

what is our breathing frequency (Fr) per min

A

12-16 breaths per minute

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33
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

gas volume inspired or expired nut not both per minute

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34
Q

what is the formula to find the minute ventilation (Ve)

A

tidal volume x breathing frequency

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35
Q

what is the Ve (minute ventilation) at rest average

A

6-8 l/min

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36
Q

what is the Ve (minute ventilation) for max excerise average

A

180 l/min

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37
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the amount of forced air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation (basically how much more air you can force out after you normally relaxed breathe out

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38
Q

what is the correlation ERv has to VC (vital capacity)

A

because vital capacity is the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

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39
Q

how much VC does ERv constitute

A

25%

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40
Q

what is ridisual volume (RV)

A

the air remaining in your lungs after forced expiration

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41
Q

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet exhalation

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42
Q

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

to exhale as fast and as hard as possible for four seconds

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43
Q

forced expiatory volume in one second (FEV1.0)

A

the expirorty volume the first second the FVC

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44
Q

what is alveleoer ventilation and whats so important about it

A

the volume of air that reaches the avaleoi per minute and is the only place where air does gas exchange with the blood

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45
Q

what is the general ormula to calculate aveolar ventiltihation

A

Va= tidal volume- anatomical dead space

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46
Q

what is the alveolar ventilation equation for rest

A

VA =(FR)X(VT -VD)

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47
Q

what is the alveolar ventilation equation for max excerise

A

VA =(FR)X(VT -VD)

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48
Q

what happens to the lung capacity when a person stands vs lays down

A

laying down decreases capacity and standing increases capacity

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49
Q

what is the reason for lung capacity change when laying down

A
  1. Abdominal contents push up against diaphragm
  2. There is an increase in intrapulmonary blood volume in the horizontal position which decreases the space available for pulmonary air.
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50
Q

what are pulmonary function test norms usually based on

A

height, age, sex,

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51
Q

what is important to take into account and know in order to construct a proper pulmonary function test norm

A

the size and make up of the population

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52
Q

what are the problems with the pulmonary function norms

A

-dont consider the size of subject
-be better to use and account for sitting height and not sanding height
-need to be interred in relation to patients medical history and habits and chest x-ray

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53
Q

what are the two catagories repository disorders can be divided into and their causes

A

-obstructive disorders (blockage or narrowing of airways causing increased airway resistance,blockage also due to inflammed and edema or bronchial secretion)
-restrictive disorders (damage to the lung tissue, loss of elasticity and compliance limiting expansion of lungs)

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54
Q

what symptoms or illness does obstructive disorders cause

A

-trouble breathing in and out (decrease in moving air in and out rapdily)
-asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
-decrease (MBC) max bearing capacity)

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55
Q

what symptoms or illness does restrictive disorders cause

A

-pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia
-all lung volumes reduced (VC, RV, FRC, TLC)
-lung tissue stiff can’t be expanded very far

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56
Q

what happens to the FEV what you have an obstructive disorder

A

-it is decrease
-the Fev/FVC is at 40 percent instead of 80 so half as much which means there is obstrrucion to the airways

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57
Q

what happens to the FEV what you have an restricitve disorder

A

-FEV1.0 and MBC are reduced
-Fev1.0/FVC ratio is 90% or larger meaning it can remain normal as there is no significant obstruction to the airways

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58
Q

what is the circulatory cardiovascular system composed of

A

-heart
-blood vessels
-blood

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59
Q

function of the circulatory system

A

-transports essential materials thought the body to cells
-oxegyn
-white blood cells
-nutrients
-signaling molecules
-collects waste from nosy metabolics activity

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60
Q

what two sections is the circulatory divided into

A

-pulmonary circuit (blood vessels going to and from the lungs)

-systemic circuit (blood vessels going to and from the rest of the tissues of the body)

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61
Q

how does minute ventilation looked like when graphed

A

increase incrementally linearly

62
Q

What happens to VE during incremental exercise

A

Minute ventilation increases linearly with oxygen consumption (V02)
up to: 50–60% for untrained
up to: 75–80% for trained

63
Q

what does it mean when our VE is graphed linearly

A

the linear phase means your breathing increases at a steady rate as your body demands more oxygen for energy production

64
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold

A

The ventilatory threshold is the point during graded exercise where:

-Minute ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption
-This occurs due to an increase in carbon dioxide production from lactic acid buffering.

65
Q

What causes the ventilatory threshold

A

Lactic acid accumulation during high-intensity exercise
Lactic acid is buffered into C02 increasing the drive to breathe faster to expel it

66
Q

Why does ventilation increase disproportionately after the ventilatory threshold

A

CO2 production rises due to anaerobic metabolism.
Rapid breathing helps expel the excess co2

67
Q

how does VE change before and after the ventilatory threshold

A

Before the ventilatory threshold: Linear increase with vo2
After the ventilatory threshold: Disproportionate increase due to rising c02 production.

68
Q

what is the septum in the heart

A

divides the left and right side

69
Q

which circuit does the right ventricle pump to

A

pulmonary circuit

70
Q

which circuit does left ventricle pump too

A

systemic circuit

71
Q

which ventricle is thicker and why

A

left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation, a higher-pressure system than the pulmonary circulation.
The thicker wall allows it to generate the greater force needed to push blood throughout the entire body

72
Q

what causes a heart murmur

A

valve is damaged or does not close properly à blood regurgitates, causing a noise

73
Q

how is blood flow controlled through the heart

A

unidirectional valves to keep it flowing one way and not to go back

74
Q

what is the heart muscle called

A

myocardium

75
Q

what happens when some fibres contract run the heart

A

everything contracts

76
Q

what part of the heart is ellectically seperepeated form the rest of the heart

A

atria

77
Q

What are autorhythmic cells, and what is their function

A

utorhythmic cells are specialized cardiac cells that:
-Generate spontaneous action potentials.
-Set the rhythm of the heart’s contractions without external stimulation.

78
Q

What causes autorhythmic cells to fire action potentials spontaneously

A

-Autorhythmic cells have an unstable resting membrane potential, which slowly depolarizes due to:

-Slow Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ influx.
-Decreased K⁺ efflux.
-When the threshold is reached, they fire an action potential.

79
Q

How does depolarization spread from autorhythmic cells to other cardiac cells

A

Depolarization spreads through gap junctions, which:

-Allow ions to pass between adjacent cells
-Ensure rapid and coordinated electrical activity across the heart

80
Q

What happens in contractile cells during an action potential

A

-Depolarization: Na⁺ enters the cell rapidly.
-Plateau phase: Ca²⁺ influx maintains depolarization, ensuring sustained contraction.
-Repolarization: K⁺ exits the cell, restoring resting potential

81
Q

Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located, and what is its role

A

The SA node is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

It is the natural pacemaker of the heart.
It initiates electrical impulses that set the heart rate (60–100 bpm at rest)

82
Q

What are internodal pathways, and what do they do

A

-Spread the electrical signal from the
SA node across the atria.

-Ensure both atria contract simultaneously.

83
Q

Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located, and why is it important

A

The AV node is located in the inter-atrial septum.

It is the only electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles.
It delays the signal by ~0.10 seconds, allowing the atria to contract fully before the ventricles contract

84
Q

What is the ventricular conduction system, and what is its pathway

A

-It is the only electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles.
-It delays the signal by ~0.10 seconds, allowing the atria to contract fully before the ventricles contract.

85
Q

What is the ventricular conduction system, and what is its pathway

A
  1. AV bundle (Bundle of His): Transmits the signal from the AV node to the ventricles.
  2. Right and left bundle branches: Conduct the impulse down the interventricular septum.

3.Purkinje fibers: Spread the depolarization throughout the ventricular muscle cells for coordinated contraction.

86
Q

What ensures the unidirectional flow of the electrical signal in the heart

A

The connective tissue separating the atria and ventricles ensures that:

The electrical signal cannot directly pass from the atria to the ventricles.
The signal must pass through the AV node and Bundle of His, preventing chaotic conduction

87
Q

What is the sequence of depolarization and contraction in the heart

A

SA node fires → atria depolarize and contract.

Signal reaches AV node (delayed).

Signal travels through AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.

Ventricles depolarize and contract.

88
Q

what does the sequence of deporliraztion and contraction ensure in the heart

A

This ensures atrial contraction happens before ventricular contraction.

89
Q

What is an ECG, and what does it measure

A

An ECG (electrocardiogram):

Records the electrical activity of the heart.
Detects the wave of depolarization and repolarization using surface electrodes.

90
Q

What does the P wave represent on an ECG

A

The P wave represents atrial depolarization, which triggers atrial contraction

91
Q

What does the T wave represent on an ECG

A

The T wave represents ventricular repolarization, which occurs as the ventricles relax

92
Q

Why don’t we see atrial repolarization on an ECG

A

Atrial repolarization is hidden by the larger QRS complex, which represents ventricular depolarization

93
Q

What is the significance of the PR interval on an ECG

A

The time taken for the electrical signal to travel from the SA node to the AV node.
It includes the delay at the AV node

(AV node to bundle of his)

94
Q

What happens if the AV node fails to conduct signals properly

A

The ventricles may not contract properly.
This can lead to heart block or uncoordinated atrial and ventricular activity

95
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by either left or right ventricle per minute (L/min)

96
Q

why does the left and right vent have to have the same cardiac output

A

to ensure the the systemic and pulmonary circuits are both equally manianted

97
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output

A

HRxSV

98
Q

list the cardiac output (VO2 max) for rested, untrainedmax , and althetes

A

rest: 5 L/min
untrained: 20 L/min
athletes: 30 L/min

99
Q

what is the relationship between cardiac output and workrate (VO2)

A

cardiac output rises w workrate

100
Q

compare the VO2 ax for untrained and trained

A

they will both have similar VO2 max but trained will have less heart rate and higher stroke volume

101
Q

what is the relationship between O2 transport and cardiac output

A

-ficks equation: Vo2=HRxSVx(a-vo2)
-when cardiac output increases O2 will be transported to working muscles
-to increase o2 uptake, increase cardiac output and it will extract more O2 from arterial blood

102
Q

why is workmate higher when excerise is performed with the arms than with the legs

A

-smaller muscle mass
-increased intra-thoracic pressure
-less effective muscle pump
-feedback to control centre

103
Q

what does stroke volume equal

A

end-distalic volume(EDV) minus end-sytolic volume (ESV)

103
Q

what is diastole

A

resting phase of the cardiac cycle between beats

104
Q

what is systole

A

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle when ventricles pump out stroke volumes

105
Q

what does EDV represent

A

maximum volume of blood the ventricle holds before contraction

106
Q

what does ESV represents

A

minimum volume of blood left after the heart has ejected as much as it could during the contraction

107
Q

Why the SV Calculation is (EDV - ESV):

A

-Blood Ejection: The heart doesn’t eject all the blood during systole
-SV measures only the usable portion of blood ejected with each beat.

108
Q

what is the ratio for SV during excerise

A

Ejection fraction (EF) : percentage pf EDV ejected with each contraction

109
Q

what happens to EF when excerise is increased

A

EF is increased

110
Q

how to calculate EF

A

EF=SV/EDV

111
Q

what is the reletionship between VO2 and SV during excerise

A

-SV increases then plates at 40% VO2 max

112
Q

what is SV during rest vs excise

A

rest: 60-100ml
excersice: 70-120ml

113
Q

what does SV being fitness dependant mean and explain how it is

A

it means fitness influnces SV
-increassed ventricle size to pump more blood
-greater blood volume (EDV)

114
Q

what does increased blood flow cause

A

-increased blood pressure
-dilation of artielores; relaxation of smooth muscle
-constriction of arteilores in the gut area; sympathetic nervous system stimulation

115
Q

what is Poiseulles law

A

quantifies how resistance (and thus blood flow) is affected by vessel characteristics
resistance to flow=(fluid viscosityxtube length)/radius of tube^4

116
Q

why is the radius of the blood vessel significant in concern to poiseulles law

A

The radius of the blood vessels is the most significant factor influencing resistance because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius

117
Q

what happens if you decrease tube radius by a factor of 2

A

increase flow by a factor of 16

118
Q

what would happen to the resistance flow if there was a 33% decrease in radius of arterioles

A

would produce 400% increase in restisnce flow

119
Q

what is the key takeaway of changing the radius of a blood vessel

A

a small change can have a signifanct change and impact on blood flow

120
Q

what is blood composition made of

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platlets
-plasma (50-60% of blood, 90%water+10%solutes)

121
Q

what is the percentage of blood of body mass

A

8%

122
Q

what happens to blood volume in an athletes body

A

it increases

123
Q

what are erythrocytes and its characteristics

A

-red blood cells
-binconcave discs 7 microns in diameter
-lifespan-120 days
-transports o2, co2,iron, In hemoglobin

124
Q

what are hemoglobin levels for males and females

A

males-140-160
females-120-140

125
Q

what is a hemocrit

A

ratio of volume of blood cells:total volume of blood
expressed as %

126
Q

what is blood doping

A

-to increase RBc count to increase o2 in athletes

127
Q

what are ways to blood dope

A

-donors, EPO injection, blood transfusion, altituide training

128
Q

what is the risk for blood doping

A

polythermia vera: lead to blood clotting and increased viscosity

129
Q

what is an arthymia

A

an irregular heartbeat

130
Q

how to diagnose an arthymia

A

-heart rate
-amp. shapes of ECG
-time intervals

131
Q

tachycardia

A

-type of arthymia
-HR is faster
- >100bpm at rest

132
Q

bradychardia

A

-arthymia
-HR slower
- <60bpm at rest

133
Q

what are the two types of fibrillation

A

-arthymias
-atrial- heart still functions as pump
-ventricle- heart does not function as effective pump

134
Q

how to tell fib on ECG

A

-ECG is very disorganized

135
Q

what is diffusion capability effected by

A

-partial pressure gradients
-thickness of rest membrane (length of path)
-#of red blood cells/hemoglobin
-surface area

136
Q

how to increase diffusion

A

-surface area
-opening more capillaries in lungs

137
Q

explain the Bhor effect

A

right shift: hemoglobin releases more O2 (less affinity) due to increased Co2, acidity and temp
left shift: hemoglobin holds onto more O2 (more affinity) due to decreasedCo2, acidity and temp

138
Q

skeletal pump

A

-active muscles squeeze veins and push blood towards the heart

139
Q

respiratory pump

A

-decrased press thoracic cavity during inspiration so that its easier for blood to return from lower portions of the body
via inferior vena cava-> thoracic cavity-> right atrium

140
Q

what is cardiac muscle highly dependent

A

-aerobic metabolism

141
Q

describe blood flow through the myocardium during rest and excerise

A

-blood flow stays roughly the same at 4% of total cardiac output the only diff is that 70-80% of that blood goes to active muscles during excerise so not a matter of how much just the location

142
Q

describe hemoglobin

A

-carries o2 from lungs to tissue s
-each gram can carry 1.34 ml of o2 when fully saturated

143
Q

what is the formula to find your max capacity of O2 carrying haemoglobin

A

grams x ml= 20.1ml

144
Q

formula for SO2% saturation for hemoglobin

A

arterial blood sea level= 97% saturated
therefore
97.5 x 20.1ml =19.5ml
venous blood= 75 saturated
75 x 20.1= 15.1ml
O2 per 100ml of blood

145
Q

describe the structure of the arteries and there functions

A

pressure recevoir, highly elastic, muscular
-diamtere 0.1-10 mm
-1.0 mm thickness

146
Q

describe the structure of the arterioles and there functions

A

alter the diameter for resistance to blood flow, muscular wall, higher pressure
-diameter 10-100 um
-6.0 um in thickness

147
Q

describe the structure of the capillaries and there functions

A

exchange of materials, thin wall+highly permeable, 100 000km long, 4-10um in diameter, 0.5 um in thickness
-endothelial layer, no muscle

148
Q

describe the structure of the venule and there functions

A

-collects blood from capil.
-thin wall
-smooth muscle
-some fibrous tissue
-diamtere 10-100um
-1.0um in thickness

149
Q

describe the structure of the veins and there functions

A

-thin wall smooth muscle and flaccid
-0.1-100mm-0.5mm
-easily collapse or expand to maintain venous return

BPK 142 (6 decks)

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