cardioresp

Question 1

what is included in the upper resp system

Answer 1

-pharnx
-nasal cavity
-vocal chords
-tongue
-larynx
-esophogous

Question 2

what is included in the lower resp system

Answer 2

-trachea
-lungs
-diagphram
-bronchus

Question 3

what are the main components of the respiratory system as a whole (thin parts where you breathe out of)

Answer 3

-layrnx
-pharynx
-nasal cavity
-bronchi
-lungs
-trachea

Question 4

what Is the trachea

Answer 4

-Known as the “windpipe,” it is the main airway leading into the respiratory system.
-Supported by cartilage rings that prevent the airway from collapsing.

Question 5

list the three main types of bronchi in the respiratory system

Answer 5

Primary bronchi (lead to each lung), secondary bronchi (lead to each lobe of the lung), and tertiary bronchi (further divide to distribute air deeper in the lungs)

Question 6

what is the difference between terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 6

terminal bronchioles bring to where gas echnage will occur whereas respiratory bronchioles mark the start of the respiratory zone and allow for gas exchange

Question 7

what is the relationship between Alveolar Ducts, and alveolar sacs

Answer 7

AD branch off of bronchioles, and lead to AS so more amounts of gas exchange can occur

Question 8

define “anatomic dead space” in the respiratory system

Answer 8

anatomic dead space (VD) is the volume of the conducting airways, approximately 150 mL, which does not participate in gas exchange

Question 9

why is airway resistance important in the respiratory system

Answer 9

it controls airflow rate, aids in filtration of particles, helps balance internal lung pressures to prevent collapse, and regulates oxygen intake based on activity level

Question 10

what role does the larynx play in the respiratory system

Answer 10

the larynx directs food and air to the correct passages, protects the airway, and contains the vocal cords for sound production

Question 11

what happens to cartilage as airways branch deeper into the lungs

Answer 11

supportive cartilage is gradually replaced by smooth muscle, allowing for flexible regulation of airway diameter

Question 12

describe how lost weight primarily leaves the body and the main byproducts of this process

Answer 12

-cO2 cuz fatty acids and glycerol which are used for energy are converted to co2
-with the rest excreted as water (H₂O) through urine, sweat, and other bodily fluids

Question 13

what is the respiratory membrane, and where is it located

Answer 13

the respiratory membrane separates the air molecules in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries, facilitating gas exchange

Question 14

what is the average thickness of the respiratory membrane

Answer 14

the respiratory membrane is about 0.6 micrometers thick

Question 15

why is the respiratory membrane so thin

Answer 15

to facilitate the gas exchange through the thin blood capillaries

Question 16

what is the approximate surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult

Answer 16

the surface area is about 70 square meters, which is roughly the size of one side of a tennis court

Question 17

how does the large surface area of the respiratory membrane benefit the respiratory system

Answer 17

the large surface area allows for extensive gas exchange, meeting the body’s oxygen demands and facilitating carbon dioxide removal

Question 18

what does pulmonary ventilation rely on

Answer 18

pressure differences (changes in lung volume)

Question 19

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 19

pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, enabling oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

Question 20

how does air move in relation to pressure

Answer 20

air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, which is essential for inhalation and exhalation

Question 21

state Boyle’s Law and explain its role in breathing

Answer 21

boyle’s Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. In breathing, when lung volume increases, pressure decreases (inhalation); when lung volume decreases, pressure increases (exhalation)

Question 22

what happens during inhalation (inspiration) in terms of lung volume and pressure

Answer 22

during inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure inside the lungs, causing air to flow in

Question 23

what happens during exhalation (expiration) in terms of lung volume and pressure

Answer 23

increase pressure in the lungs, decrease volume, diagram comes round again and causes intercostal muscles to relax

Question 24

define lung compliance and explain its significance in breathing

Answer 24

lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand for a given change in alveolar pressure. High compliance allows easy lung expansion, while low compliance makes breathing more effortful

Question 25

describe the pressure difference required for air movement in the lungs

Answer 25

breathing requires a pressure difference between the pulmonary air (within the lungs) and atmospheric air. Inhalation occurs when pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure; exhalation occurs when it is higher

Question 26

what is Boyles law formula

Answer 26

p1v1= p2v2

Question 27

What pressure changes occur in the thoracic cavity during inhalation and by how much

Answer 27

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, causing the pressure inside to decrease by 1-2 mm Hg compared to atmospheric pressure, leading air to flow into the lungs

Question 28

how does the pressure gradient drive air into the lungs during inhalation

Answer 28

the decreased pressure in the lungs (lower than atmospheric pressure) causes air to move into the lungs to equalize the pressure