Anthro and Body Comp Flashcards
what are the four types of tissue the body is made of
-nervous
-epithelial
-muscle
-connective
give an example of each type of body tissues
-nervous
brain, spinal cords, nerves
-epithelial
lining of GI tract
-muscle
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
-connective
tendons, bone
what are the three major structural components the body is made up of
-muscle
-skeleton (bone)
-fat
what does the distribution of the three major structural components of the body depend on
-age
-sex
-genetic characteristics
-lifestyle
what is the body mass formula
body mass= fat mass+lean body mass
fat free mass
parts that don’t have fat and are mainly comprised of muscle, bone, connective tissue, organs
what is the two component model
fat mass vs fat free mass with the muscle, bone, connective tissue, organs
what is the four component model
fat vs fat free mass that includes water, minerals, protein (chemicals)
anthropometry
measurement of bodysize and proportions to understand human physical variation and body comp
give examples of anthropometry
-skinfold thicknesses
– Circumferences
– bony widths and lengths – Height
– body weight
why assess body comp?
-monitors changes in growth, aging, and maturation to distinguish normal from disease states (obesity, malnutrition etc)
-help establish optimal ranges for athletes
-track goals for weight management
disease states
-obesity
-malnutrition
-sarcopenia
-belimia
-anorexia
-matablic disorders
-hormonal imbalances
conditions associated with excessive thinness
-osteoproirsis
-fluid-elocrttlyte imbalances
-reproductive disorders
conditions ascociated with overweight
-type ll diabetes
-hypertension
-stroke
name 4 eating disorders
-anorexia nervosa
-bulimia nervosa
-binge eating disorder
-female athlete triad
what are three key factors that play a role in eating disorders?
-genetic
-social
-phycological
functions of essential fat
-required for physiological functioning
-synthesis of certain hormones
-transport of fat-soluble
storage fat
fat that is stored in adipose tissue for energy supply
What does “android” fat deposition refer to
-apple shape
-accumulation of excess fat in the upper torso and abdomen, typically seen in males.
What is the “gynoid” fat deposition pattern
-pear shape
-involves excess fat accumulation in the thighs, hips, and buttocks, commonly found in females
How does fat distribution differ between sexes
Fat distribution is sex-specific; males tend to have an android pattern (fat in the abdomen), while females typically have a gynoid pattern (fat in the hips and thighs)
What change occurs in fat deposition for females after menopause
females begin to deposit more fat in the abdominal area, shifting from a gynoid to an android pattern
Why is understanding fat deposition patterns important
helps assess health risks associated with body fat distribution, such as increased risk of metabolic diseases in android-type individuals
what does essential fat do
-synthesis of certain hormones
-transport of fat soluble vitamins
what does storage fat
fat the is stored in adipose tissue for energy supply purposes
causes for obesity
-caloric intake
-decreased physical activity
-genetics/epigenetics
-social environment
name three things that occur when you age
-increased fat mass
-sarcopenia
-decrease bone mass
how can you “slow down” aging process
by regular excerise
body density formula
density=mass/volume
what does it mean in terms of body density when you have a greater amount of fat
lower body density
body fat formula
%fat= (4.5/body density)x 100
what was the problem with hydrostatic weighing int he olden days
cadaverstudieshaveshownthatthedensityofthenonfat compartment varies as a function of:
* age,sex,andracialgroup non fat density value of 1.10g/ml is not universally applicable
-learned that densiometrey is not good for universal criterion for fat prediction
what does BMI not consider?
-body comp
-fat distribution
-amount of visceral fat
-racial groups
-overwight does not always mean fat. it defies not diffierante body comp
electrical impedance
how much a material resists the flow of electric current. In the context of the human body, it is often measured in ohms
electrical impedance analysis
-Impedance is greater in adipose tissue (14 - 22% water) than in bone and muscle (71 - 75% water).
-The higher the electrical impedence, the fatter the subject.àsubject less conductive
what is the percentage error of skin fold measurements
3-4%
what is the O-scale system
-combats skinfold error
-uses 8 skin folds,10 girths, 4 skin fold corrected, 2 bone breadths
-uses stannic scores (1-3 is low, 4-6 is average, 7-9 is high)
what procedures need to be done before taking the bioelectrical impedance analysis
-water retention standardized (no drinking prior)
what is the error percentage of the bioelectrical impedance analysis
3-5%
what is DEXA
-body comp technology
-very accurate
-very expensive
-time consuming
what other procedures similar to DEXA are there
-mri and CT scans
-but lots of radiation
-lots of money
-time consuming
-limited machinery
