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Spinal Anatomy > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues in the human body?

A

Epithelial, Muscle, Neural, Connective tissues

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2
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

Osteoblast- form bone
Osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast- remodel bone

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3
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

An amorphous mixture consisting of a ground substance, protein fibers, and various mineral

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4
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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5
Q

What is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen Type I

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6
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

Living tissue will respond to stressors, bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

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8
Q

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

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9
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme and/or Cartilage

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10
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

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11
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

From the second to third month in utero

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12
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

The skull

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13
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

The clavicle

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14
Q

What is the name given for the patter of ossification in cartilage?

A

Endochondral Ossification

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15
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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16
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocranium

17
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary centers of ossification appear before birth

Secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

18
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A 
Sexual Dimorphism (gender variation)
Ontogenetic Variation (growth/age variation)
Geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation)
Idiosyncratic Variation (Individual Variation)
19
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bone

20
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

21
Q

what types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bones?

A

Chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, hyaluronic acid

22
Q

What the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

23
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

Sodium, magnesium, flouride, lead, strontium, and radium

24
Q

Which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossifications?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

25
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

The inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and remainder of mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

26
Q

Which skull one are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

27
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The clavicle

28
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

Cortical and compact and spongy, cancellous or trabecular

29
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

Subchondral bone

30
Q

What is the name of the outer fibrocellular covering of bone?

A

Periosteum

31
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

The endosteum

32
Q

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

33
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Ontogenetic Variation

34
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Geographic variation or population based variation

35
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

Idiosyncratic Variation

Spinal Anatomy (27 decks)

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