Ost Et Al

Question 1

What neurotransmitter is linked with stress and anxiety?

Answer 1

Noradrenaline

Question 2

What was the aim of Ost’s 1992 study?

Answer 2

To compare people with blood and injection phobias in terms of cognitive, biological, and behavioral variables

Question 3

What two types of phobias were compared in the study?

Answer 3

Blood phobia and injection phobia

Question 4

What was the sample size of people with blood phobia in the study?

Answer 4

81 people

Question 5

What was the sample size of people with injection phobia in the study?

Answer 5

59 people

Question 6

What type of data was collected in Ost’s study?

Answer 6

Self-report data

Question 7

What information about family history was gathered in the study?

Answer 7

Whether any relatives had the same disorder

Question 8

What types of reactions were participants asked to rate during the self-report data collection?

Answer 8

Biological and cognitive reactions

Question 9

How many items were used to rate biological reactions?

Answer 9

11 items

Question 10

How many items were used to rate cognitive reactions?

Answer 10

10 items

Question 11

What scale was used to rate reactions in the self-report data?

Answer 11

A 5-point scale

Question 12

What was the range of the rating scale for biological and cognitive reactions?

Answer 12

0-4

Question 13

What type of video did blood phobics watch during the behavioral tests?

Answer 13

A color video of a thoracic surgery

Question 14

What test did injection phobics undergo during the study?

Answer 14

A finger-prick blood test

Question 15

What was noted for participants who withdrew from the procedure?

Answer 15

Time taken before withdrawal

Question 16

How was fainting rated during the study?

Answer 16

On a scale of 0-4

Question 17

What kind of comparison was made in the methodology?

Answer 17

Comparison with participants in other studies with different phobias

Question 18

True or False: The study aimed to determine if blood phobia and injection phobia should be treated as separate phobias.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What factors were considered in the data gathering about phobias?

Answer 19

• Age of onset
• Age when treatment started
• History of fainting in feared situations

Question 20

What method was used to measure participants’ anxiety?

Answer 20

Self-report on a scale of 0-10

Participants also indicated which of 5 positive and negative thoughts they experienced.

Question 21

What physiological measures were taken before and after the tests?

Answer 21

Heart rate and blood pressure

These measures were recorded to assess the physiological response to anxiety.

Question 22

How many thoughts did participants report experiencing?

Answer 22

5 thoughts

Participants indicated both positive and negative thoughts.

Question 23

Which group was more likely to meet the criteria for both diagnoses?

Answer 23

People with blood phobia

They were more likely to meet criteria for both injection phobia and blood phobia.

Question 24

What familial link was observed in individuals with blood phobia?

Answer 24

More likely to have a first-degree relative with the same phobia

This was not as common in those with injection phobia.

Question 25

What specific fear was more prevalent in blood phobics compared to injection phobics?

Answer 25

Fear of fainting ## Footnote This was a significant difference noted between the two groups.

Question 26

For which biological reactions did injection phobics score higher than blood phobics?

Answer 26

2 out of 11 biological reactions ## Footnote This indicates some physiological differences between the two phobia types.

Question 27

What was observed about the heart rate and blood pressure of those with injection phobia at withdrawal point?

Answer 27

Higher heart rate and higher blood pressure ## Footnote This contrasted with the blood phobia group.

Question 28

What physiological change was noted for those with blood phobia at withdrawal point?

Answer 28

Drop in heart rate and blood pressure ## Footnote This indicates a different physiological response compared to injection phobia.

Question 29

How far into the test did both groups typically withdraw?

Answer 29

Approximately 1/3 into the test ## Footnote Both phobia groups exhibited similar withdrawal patterns.

Question 30

How did anxiety levels compare between the two phobia groups?

Answer 30

Similar anxiety levels ## Footnote Despite different physiological responses, anxiety levels were comparable.

Question 31

Which group experienced fainting more frequently?

Answer 31

Blood phobia group ## Footnote This was a noted difference between the two types of phobia.

Question 32

What was a significant evaluation point regarding the Ost (1992) study?

Answer 32

Low ecological validity ## Footnote This means the findings may not generalize well to real-world situations.

Question 33

What type of data was considered objective in the Ost (1992) evaluation?

Answer 33

Physiological measurements ## Footnote These included heart rate and blood pressure, which provide quantifiable data.

Question 34

What was criticized about the validity of data on first-degree relatives in the Ost (1992) evaluation?

Answer 34

Low validity ## Footnote The reliability of this data was questioned in the context of the study.