Osmoregulation Flashcards
What is deamination?
deamination is the process of an amino group (NH3) being released from a protein as-well as H20. occurs in the liver, goes into bloodstream, kidneys filter it out.
How do birds deal with NH3?
- ammonia turns into uric acid
- low toxicity
- high amount of water needed
How do mammals deal with NH3?
- ammonia (NH3) turns into urea and CO2
- medium toxicity
- medium amount of water needed
How to fish deal with NH3?
- fish remove it easily
- Ammonia (NH3) isn’t turned into anythings, remains
as ammonia - extremely toxic, must be removed quickly
- low amount of water needed.
How to mammals gain water?
- drinking and metabolism
How to mammals lose water?
1) urine
2) faeces
3) evaporation from the body surface and respiratory tract
Solubility of mammalian waste in water, toxicity and energy needed.
- medium solubility in water
- medium toxicity
- medium energy needed to make waste
Amphibian how do they gain water.
Cutaneous respiration allows the animal to absorb water through their skin directly into their bloodstream
Amphibian how do they lose water.
Their skins are permeable to water. On land amphibians are liable to lose water very rapidly by evaporation. In fresh water they suffer entry of water by osmosis, which is counteracted by the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine.
Amphibian type of nitrogenous waste released.
urea (NH2CONH2 + H20 + heat -> 2NH3 + CO2)
Amphibian, solubility of waste in water, toxicity of waste and energy used to make waste.
Solubility of waste in water for fish.
high
What needs to be considered when discussing osmoregulation in an animal?
- type of animal
- example of this type of animal
- animals environment
- how do they gain water
- how do they lose water
- type of nitrogenous waste produced
- solubility of waste in water
- toxicity of waste
- energy used to make waste
Define osmoregulation.
active regulation of organism’s water content, maintained fluid balance and concentration of electrolytes and other solutes so the fluids don’t become too diluted or too concentrated.
How is water regulation recepted?
by recepter cells in the hypothalamus (osmoreceptors).
When is a cell described as turgid?
a cell into which water has diffused so that the walls are stretched and the cells is fairly rigid is described as turgid.
What does isotonic mean?
when the surrounds are of equal concentration to the cellular contents and there is no net movement of water.
Hypertonic meaning.
when the surroundings are move concentrated than the environment. when solutions separated by a semipermeable barrier are of different concentrations, water will move across the barrier via osmosis in order to equalise the concentrations.
Hypotonic meaning.
when the surroundings are less concentrated than the cellular contents.
Functions of the kidneys.
- removal of nitrogenous wastes
- regulation of water concentration in the blood
- maintaining ion levels in the blood.
Why must ammonia be removed.
build of amonia is cells can affect their pH, making them more basic, which can denature enzymes and compromise their function. this can reduce metabolic activity.
Which animals secrete ammonia.
most aquatic animals, including many fishes and juvenile amphibians, can afford to lose water
Which animals secrete urea.
mammals, most adult amphibians, sharks, some bony fish, need to conserve water
Which animals secrete uric acid.
birds, insect, many reptiles, land snails, need to conserve water.