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ZOOL 325 > OSMOREGULATION / FEMALE GENITAL > Flashcards

OSMOREGULATION / FEMALE GENITAL Flashcards

1
Q

what is the core principle of osmoregulation

A

concentraton gradients across permeable membranes tend to diminish overtime via movement of water and other solutes (salts and other dissolved molecules)

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2
Q

define hyperosmotic

A

if the solute concentration in the blood is higher than in sorrounding water

water seeps into body and solutes leak out of the body

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3
Q

define hyposmotic

A

if the solute concentration in the blood is lower than in sorrounding water

water seeps out of the body and solute leaks into the body

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4
Q

define isosmotic

A

if the solute concentration is the same as the surrounding water

water and solute concentration do nothing

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5
Q

how do the water and solutes move

A

water moves according to the total solute concentration and solutes move according to the their individual concentratins

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6
Q

what are isosmotic vertebrates called

A

osmoconformers

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7
Q

how do isosmotic vertebrates work

simple

A

cocentration of solutes in body fluid is similar to that in salt water

requires that the body opperate with high solute levels

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8
Q

explain hagfish as isosmotic verts

A

they have high levels of sodium and other ions

short nephric tubules

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9
Q

explain chondrichthyans and coelacanths as isosmotic verts

A

high concentrations of urea (and other nitrogenous substances) retained in the blood

osmotic concentration of the body is increased without salts

urea tends to leak out of the body, and salts tend to leak in, but there is NO NET MOVEMENT OF WATER

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10
Q

osmoregulation in most salt water fish

simple

A

body is hyposmotic to the environment

salts diffuse into body and water seeps out

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11
Q

what type of kidneys do salt water fish have for hyposmotic regulation

A

aglomerular kidnets

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12
Q

define aglomerular kidneys

A

lack glomeruli, bowmanns capsules. and distal parts of the nephric tubules (whhere the salt resorption occurs)

less filtrate enters the uriniferous tubules so urine w high solute is formed by the secretions into the tubules

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13
Q

what do acessory structures do in hyposmotic salt water fish

A

help remove salt from the body in some marine fish and tetrapods

ex. gills and specific glands

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14
Q

osmoregulation in fresh water fish

simple

A

hyperosmotic to environment

water seeps into tissues and salts leak otu

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15
Q

how does osmoregulation work in hyperosmotic freshwater fish

A

large quantities of fluid pass from glomeruli to bowmans capsules

distal parts of tubules are well developed

lots of dilute urine produced

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16
Q

why is the urine very dilute in fresh water fish

A

kidneys are primarily for water elimination rather than excretion

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17
Q

osmoregulation on land simple

A

evaporation can lead to dehydration

3 groups

lissamplbians
reptiles
mammals

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18
Q

explain lissamphibian osmoregulation on land

A

storage of urea, excretion in the water

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19
Q

explain reptile osmoregulation on land

A

uric acid secretion with minimal water loss

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20
Q

explain mammal osmoregulation on land

A

excretion of urea in concentrated urine because of LOH

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21
Q

explain how LOH makes cocnentration urine in land mammals osmoregulation

A

sodium is actively pumped into the interstitial space around the loop of henle

hypermosmotic conditions establish outside the uriniferous tubules

water trains out of the uriniferous tubules by osmosis, leaves very conc urine

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22
Q

what is urinary bladder simple

A

sac for storing urine that can expand/swell

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23
Q

where is urine stored in most fish

A

in expanded ends of the urinary ducts that empty into the cloaca — cloaca is not a real urinary bladder

24
Q

where is urine stored in most tetrapods

A

in a true urinary bladder which develops as an outpouch of the cloaca

25
Q

how does urine flow in a tetrapod

A

urine goes from urinary ducts, through cloaca, into bladder, then out from bladder using cloaca

26
Q

where is urine stored in therian mammals

A

bladder

27
Q

how does urine flow in a therian mammal

A

ureter, bladder, urethra, out

28
Q

where is urine stored in reptiles and birds

A

lbladder is lost, it the urine or uric acid si stored in the cloaca until expulsion

29
Q

what is the most common type of repreoduction

A

sexual

only a few lizards are parthenogenic

30
Q

what does genital system consist of

A

gonas (testes/ovaries) and ducts which produce gametes and hormones

31
Q

when does genital system appear in development

A

very late and the early gonads are indifferent

32
Q

how do paired gonads arise

A

from the genital ridge (a thickening of the splanchic mesoderm) , which then extends along the body medial to the nephric ridge, protruding down tot he coelem

33
Q

what are the primary sex cords

A

epithelium that covers the gonads

the PGC travel from yolk sac to sex cords

34
Q

what are the primordial germ cells

A

undifferntialed stem cell that will become wither spermazoa or oocyte

35
Q

are ovaries usually paired of single

A

usually paired BUT

1 median ovary in cyclostomes and some teleosts

1 functional ovary in most birds, some chondrichtyans and non avian reptiles and mammals

36
Q

how are the ovaries bound to the body wall

A

by mesentary called the mesovarium

37
Q

where do ova form

A

ova (eggs) form in the follicles on the outer part of the ovary

38
Q

what is another name for oviducts

A

mullerian ducts

39
Q

what is the ostium

A

duct entrance

flares into the infundibulum and margians the finbriae to embrace the ovary

40
Q

how does ova enter the ostium from the ovary

A

using cilia on the infundibulum to help move the egg through the ostium into the oviduct

41
Q

pathway for ova

A

infundibulum
ostium
ovary

42
Q

what is uterus

A

expansion of the posterior end of the ovidcut and it stores eggs and houses developing embryo

43
Q

what muscle is on uterus wall

A

smooth

44
Q

what is shell gland

A

special region of oviduct that adds external coat to ovum after fertilzation

in reptiles the coat contains albuen (egg whiye), shell membrane and a calcareous or leathery shell

45
Q

what type of fertil. would u find shell gland in

A

internal because it would block sperm for external

46
Q

female genital system in cyclostomes (non bony fish)

simple

A

external fertilzation

eggs shed into the coelem then exit the body through either cloaca (hagfish) or genital pres lamprey)

47
Q

how many eggs lamprey produce and what type of fisha re they

A

over 200k
non bony fish

48
Q

female genital system in condrichthyans (non biny fish)

A

internal fert

eggs pass through infundibulum to the shell gland, then the isthmus to the uterus

in ovuparous - shell gland adds albumen and egg case

in vivaparous - yolk sac might form placaenta or the crnivourus

49
Q

oviparous

A

uses eggs

50
Q

viviaporous

A

birth to live young

51
Q

what fert in female genital system of bony fish

A

external fertilization - the unfert eggs exit through genital pores, seprate from the anus

52
Q

female gential in non teleost (bony fish)

A

oviduct transports the eggs to the exterior

53
Q

female genital in teleost (bony fish)

A

most

oviduc rgeresses and new short ovarian duct forms fromt he infolding genital ridge, continuous with the lumen of the ovary

54
Q

female genital system reptiles and lissamphib
(tetrapods)

A

oviduct transports eggs to exterior (internal fert except in anurans)

viviparity in a few caecilians, lissamph or squatmes

caecilians that are vivaparous may have secretion that nourish fetus

shell gland prominent in most reptiles, uterus may be expended or inditinct

55
Q

female genital in monotremes (playpus or echindnas)

tetrapod

A

oviparous - small leathery eggs

cloaca partly divided into anus and urogenitual sinus

56
Q

female genital in marsupials (opossums and kangaroos)

tetrapod

A

two uteri - one per ovidcut

cloaca present but is more preominently divded thn in monotremes

57
Q
A

ZOOL 325 (3 decks)

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