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Pharmacology 2020 > OSEP > Flashcards

OSEP Flashcards

1
Q

Non-selective COX inhibitor DOC for headache, pain, and fever

A

Paracetamol

Ibuprofen

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2
Q

MOA of non-selective COX inhibitors

A

blocks COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes responsible for the formation of prostaglandins

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3
Q

Selective COX-2 inhibitor DOC for headache, pain, and fever

A

Celecoxib

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4
Q

AE of paracetamol

A

hepatotoxicity

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5
Q

AE of ibuprofen

A

GI ulcer

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6
Q

AE of celecoxib

A

risk of MI/stroke/thrombosis/atherogenesis

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7
Q

Dosage of paracetamol for headache, pain, fever

A

500 mg every 4-6 hrs as needed

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8
Q

Dosage of ibuprofen for headache, pain, fever

A

200 mg every 4-6 hrs as needed

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9
Q

Dosage of celecoxib for headache, pain, fever

A 
200 mg (twice a day)
400 mg (OD) as needed
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10
Q

DOC for allergy

A

loratadine

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11
Q

drug group of loratadine

A

2nd gen H1-receptor blocker

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12
Q

MOA of loratadine

A

reversible competitive binding to H1 receptors

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13
Q

most common AE of loratadine

A

anti-muscarinic effect

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14
Q

dosage of loratadine for adults

A

10 mg tablet OD at bedtime

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15
Q

dosage of loratadine for children

A

5 mg/ml syrup 1 tsp OD

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16
Q

What are antimuscarinic effects

A 
dry as a bone
hot as a hare
red as a beet
mad as a hatter
blind as a bat
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17
Q

Normal BP

A

<120/<80

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18
Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129 / <80

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19
Q

Stage 1 hypertension

A

130-139 / 80-89

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20
Q

Stage 2 hypertension

A

140-160 / 90-99

or >160 or >100

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21
Q

Drug groups for the pharmacological management of hypertension

A

ACE Inhibitors
ARBs
CCB
Thiazide diuretic

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22
Q

ACEI DOC for hypertension

A

Enalapril

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23
Q

MOA of enalapril

A

Blocks synthesis of angiotensin II to promote sodium and water retention and breakdown of bradykinin into inactive peptide

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24
Q

Most common AE of enalapril

A

Cough

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25
Q

Effect of enalapril on HR

A

None

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26
Q

Dosage of enalapril

A

10 mg tablet OD at bedtime for 6 weeks or 30 days for maintenance

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27
Q

ARB DOC for hpn

A

Losartan

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28
Q

MOA for losartan

A

Blocks angiotensin II type I receptor

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29
Q

Effect of angiotensin II in the kidney

A

Na reabsorption and aldosterone release

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30
Q

Effect of angiotensin II to the vasculature

A

Vasoconstriction

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31
Q

Effect of angiotensin II block to CNS

A

Norepinephrine release

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32
Q

Effect of angiotensin II blockage to the heart

A

Remodelling of the heart - hypertrophy

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33
Q

Most common AE of losartan

A

Hyperkalemia

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34
Q

Effect of losartan on the bradykinin system

A

None

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35
Q

Dosage of losartan

A

100 mg tablet OD as maintenance

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36
Q

CCB DOC for hpn

A

Amlodipine

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37
Q

MOA of amlodipine

A

Reduce Ca++ influx in cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle by blocking the voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the cell membrane

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38
Q

Most common AE of amlodipine

A

Edema

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39
Q

CI of amlodipine

A

Unstable angina

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40
Q

Dosage of amlodipine

A

5 mg tablet OD as maintenance

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41
Q

Why is amlodipine ideal for maintenance?

A

Because it has the longest half-life

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42
Q

Thiazide diuretic DOC for hpn

A

Hydrochlorthiazide

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43
Q

MOA of hydrochlorthiazide

A

Blocks sodium chloride channel located on the distal convoluted tubule

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44
Q

Most common AEs of thiazides (5H’s)

A 
Hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
Hyponatremia
Hyperuricemia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
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45
Q

Dosage of hydrochlorthiazide

A

25 mg OD as maintenance

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46
Q

Hydrochlorthiazides are usually combined with

A

ACEi and ARBs

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47
Q

Drug groups for GERD

A

Proton pump inhibitor

H2 receptor blocker

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48
Q

PPI DOC for GERD

A

Omeprazole

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49
Q

MOA of omeprazole

A

Irreversibly inhibits H/K-ATPase

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50
Q

Most common AE of omeprazole

A

Hip fracture risk

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51
Q

Dosage of omeprazole

A

20 mg or 40 mg OD before breakfast

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52
Q

H2 receptor blocker DOC for GERD

A

Ranitidine

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53
Q

MOA of ranitidine

A

Competitive inhibition at H2 receptor

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54
Q

Dosage of ranitidine

A

150 mg tablet BID or 300 mg tablet OD at night

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55
Q

Drug group for reliever medications for asthma

A

Short-acting beta-2 agonist

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56
Q

Short-acting beta-2 agonist DOC for asthma

A

Salbutamol

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57
Q

MOA of salbutamol

A

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting on beta-2 receptors

58
Q

Most common AE of salbutamol

A

Tremors, palpitations

59
Q

Dosage of salbutamol

A

100 mcg/actuation MDI:

Take 1-2 puffs every 6 hrs as needed for acute exacerbation. GARGLE after.

60
Q

Drug groups that are controller medications for asthma

A

Inhaled corticosteroids and long acting beta-2 agonist

61
Q

Inhaled corticosteroid DOC for asthma

A

Budesonide

62
Q

MOA of budesonide

A

Control rate of protein synthesis, depress migration of PMN leukocytes

63
Q

Common AE of budesonide

A

Oral/pharyngeal candidiasis

64
Q

Dosage of budesonide

A

200 mcg/actuation budesonide turbohaler:

Take 1 puff twice a day every 12 hrs. GARGLE after use.

65
Q

Long-acting beta-2 agonist DOC for asthma

A

Formoterol

66
Q

MOA of formoterol

A

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by action on beta-2 receptors

67
Q

Common AEs of formoterol

A

Acute exacerbations, status asthmaticus

68
Q

Dosage of formoterol for asthma

A

4.5/80 mcg or 9/160 mcg formoterol + budesonide:

Take 1-2 puffs every 12 hrs. Gargle after use.

69
Q

Most common pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia

A

Steptococcus pneumoniae

70
Q

2nd most common pathogen cause of CAP

A

Hemophilus influenzae

71
Q

1sr line drug for low-risk CAP

A

Amoxicillin

72
Q

Vitals for low-risk CAP

A

RR: <30 cpm
PR: <125bpm
Temp: 36-40C
BP: >90/60

73
Q

Vitals for moderate risk CAP

A

RR: >30cpm
PR: >125bpm
Temp: >40C or <36
BP: <90/60

74
Q

1st line drug for moderate risk CAP

A

Levofloxacin

75
Q

What to give to atypical moderate-risk CAP

A

Macrolides

76
Q

Features of severe CAP

A

Severe sepsis, need for mechanical ventilation

77
Q

What to give to severe CAP?

A

Broader spectrum carbapenems, cephalosporins, beta-lactamase inhibitors

78
Q

Drug groups for CAP

A

Beta-lactams
Macrolides
Fluoroquinolones

79
Q

Aminopenicillin for CAP

A

Co-Amoxiclav

80
Q

2nd gen cephalosporins for CAP

A

Cefuroxime

81
Q

Most common AE of Co-amoxiclav

A

Hypersensitivity

82
Q

Dosage of co-amoxiclav

A

625 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days

83
Q

MOA of amoxicillin

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

84
Q

MOA of clavulanic acid

A

Inhibits beta-lactamase

85
Q

Dosage of cefuroxime

A

500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days

86
Q

Macrolide DOC for CAP

A

Azithromycin

87
Q

MOA of azithromycin

A

Inhibits protein sythesis by binding to 50s subunit

88
Q

Most common AE of azithromycin

A

QT prolongation

89
Q

Dosage of azithromycin

A

500 mg OD for 3 days

90
Q

Causes of atypical CAP

A

Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Legionella

91
Q

Fluoroquinolone DOC for CAP

A

Levofloxacin

92
Q

MOA of levofloxacin

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

93
Q

Most common AE of levofloxacin

A

GIT - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

94
Q

Dosage of levofloxacin

A

500 mg tablet OD

95
Q

MOA of cefuroxime

A

Inhibits bacterial wall synthesis

96
Q

Dosage of cefuroxime

A

500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days

97
Q

Drug group of cephalexin

A

1st cephalosporin beta-lactam

98
Q

Common cause of acute tonsillopharyngitis

A

Group A Streptococci

99
Q

First line of treatment for ATP esp. children

A

Penicillin

100
Q

Can be given to adults for ATP

A

Amoxicillin

101
Q

Longest-acting among antibiotics, can be given to ATP for 1 yr duration

A

Benzathine

102
Q

1st gen cephalosporin for ATP

A

Cephalexin

103
Q

MOA of cephalexin

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

104
Q

Most common AE of cephalexin

A

Disulfuram-like reactions

105
Q

Dosage of cephalexin

A

500 mg capsule every 12 hrs for 10 days. Do skin test first

106
Q

Drug groups for UTI

A

2nd gen cephalosporin
Sulfonamide
2nd gen fluoroquinolone

107
Q

MOA of cefuroxime

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

108
Q

Most common AEs of cefuroxime

A

GI disturbances

109
Q

Dosage of cefuroxime for UTI

A

500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days

110
Q

Sulfonamide DOC for UTI

A

Co-trimoxazole

111
Q

MOA of trimethoprim

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

112
Q

MOA of sulfamethoxazole

A

Inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase

113
Q

Dosage of co-trimoxazole

A

160 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 14 days with food

114
Q

2nd gen fluoroquinolone for UTI

A

Ciprofloxacin

115
Q

MOA of ciprofloxacin

A

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

116
Q

Blackbox warning for ciprofloxacin

A

Tendinitis, tendon rupture

117
Q

Contraindication of ciprofloxacin

A

Children and pregnant

118
Q

Dosage of ciprofloxacin

A

500 mg tablet every 12 hrs for 7 days

119
Q

Dosage of metformin

A

500 mg BID with meals

120
Q

Dosage of gliclazide

A

40-80 mg tablet OD after meals for 30 days

121
Q

Dosage of sitagliptin

A

100 mg tablet OD

122
Q

Dosage of empaglifozin

A

10 mg tablet OD

123
Q

Dosage of acarbose

A

50 mg tablet OD

124
Q

Dosage of pioglitazone

A

15 mg; 30 mg tablet OD

125
Q

Drug groups for Graves Disease

A

Thioamides

Beta-blocker

126
Q

Thioamides DOC for Graves Disease

A

Methimazole

Propylthiouracil

127
Q

Which of the 2 thioamides is short-acting?

long-acting?

A 
PTU = short-acting
Methimazole = long-acting
128
Q

MOA of methimazole

A

blocks organification, coupling

129
Q

AEs of methimazole

A

Agranulocytosis
Cholestatic jaundice
Rash

130
Q

Dosage of methimazole

A

5 mg tablet (maintenance: 2.5-10mg OD) for 30 days. Return for follow-up.

131
Q

DOC for non-pregnant patient with Graves Disease

A

Methimazole

132
Q

DOC for pregnant patient 2nd-3rd trimester with Graves Disease

A

Methimazole

133
Q

MOA of PTU

A

Inhibits organification, coupling, DEIODINATION

134
Q

Common AEs of PTU

A

agranulocytosis, rash, hepatitis

135
Q

Dosage of PTU

A

50 mg tablet every 8 hrs for 30 days. Return for follow-up.

136
Q

B-blocker DOC for Graves Disease

A

Propranolol

137
Q

AE of propranolol

A

Intrauterine growth restriction

138
Q

Dosage of propranolol

A

40 mg tablet every 6 hours

139
Q

MOA of propranolol

A 
inhibits DEIODINATION (blocks conversion of T3 to T4);
controls sympathetic stimulation (tachycardia and tremors)
140
Q

Other beta-blockers than can be given aside from propranolol

A

metoprolol, atenolol

Pharmacology 2020 (9 decks)

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