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IB Physics > oscilltions and waves > Flashcards

oscilltions and waves Flashcards

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1
Q

time period

A

the amount of time it takes an oscillating particle to complete one cycle (an oscillation)

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2
Q

displacement

A

the distance of the oscillating object from equilibrium

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3
Q

wave

A

propagation of energy through a material substance

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4
Q

refraction

A

the bending of waves through materials due to a difference in speed

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5
Q

amplitude

A

the maximum displacement from equilibrium an oscillating particle reaches

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6
Q

transverse wave

A

a wave in which the direction of disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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7
Q

longitudinal wave

A

a wave in which the disturbance is parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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8
Q

what is light

A

an electromagnetic transverse wave

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9
Q

reflection

A

when a wave hits the boundary between two media part of the wave comes back at the same angle

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10
Q

what type of wave is sound

A

longitudinal

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11
Q

velocity of a sound wave travelling through air at 20*C and normal atmospheric pressure

A

340m/s

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12
Q

what happens to the speed of sound at higher temperatures?

A

velocity is greater since the molecules move faster

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13
Q

ray

A

shows the direction of a wave

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14
Q

wavefront

A

line joining points between waves

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15
Q

relationship between rays and wavefronts

A

ray is perpendicular to wavefront

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16
Q

if wavelength is shorter, velocity is

A

decreased

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17
Q

how can u tell from a graph that smth’s oscillating?

A

sign of velocity changes -> direction changes -> body is oscillating

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18
Q

what does the area under a velocity time graph show?

A

the displacement

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19
Q

explain why you can only refer to the speed of light rather than velocity

A

velocity = displacement/time where displacement is the distance moved in a certain direction, however light spreads out in all directions

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20
Q

state the principle of superposition

A

superposition is what happens when two waves coincide: the displacements of waves add vectorially to produce a resultant wave

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21
Q

refraction

A

when a wave hits the boundary between two media part of the wave passes into the new medium with a change of angle

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22
Q

diffraction

A

when a wave passes through a narrow opening it spreads out

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23
Q

superposition

A

when two waves coincide the displacements at a point add

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24
Q

wave speed

A

the distance travelled by the wave profile per unit time

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25
Q

nodes

A

positions where the displacement is always 0, separated by (wavelength/2)

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26
Q

antinodes

A

positions of maximum displacement

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27
Q

state the principle of superposition

A

superposition is what happens when two waves coincide: the displacements of waves add vectorially to produce a resultant wave

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28
Q

refraction

A

when a wave hits the boundary between two media part of the wave passes into the new medium with a change of angle

29
Q

diffraction

A

when a wave passes through a narrow opening it spreads out

30
Q

superposition

A

when two waves coincide the displacements at a point add

31
Q

wave speed

A

the distance travelled by the wave profile per unit time

32
Q

when are standing waves formed in strings?

A

formed when two waves of the same frequency travel in opposite directions along the same string. Happens when a wave reflects back and forth along a clamped string

33
Q

constructive interference

A

if waves add when they superpose.

34
Q

graph of displacement against time

A

sine

35
Q

graph of velocity against time

A

cosine

36
Q

graph of acceleration against time

A

sine graph

37
Q

radian definition

A

arc length/radius

38
Q

why do radians have no units

A

ratio of two lengths

39
Q

what does narrowing the slit in youngs experiment do

A

pattern becomes more spread out

40
Q

what are youngs fringes used to measure

A

the wavelength of light

41
Q

in refraction what changes and what stays the same

A

wavelength changes but frequency stays the same

42
Q

how and why will youngs fringes change if the filter is switched from red to blue

A

blue light has a shorter wavelength so the fringes will be closer together

43
Q

in the equation s =wavelengthD/d, what are s, D and d?

A 
s = distance between 2 successive fringes  
D = distance from slits to screen
d = distance between slits
44
Q

when is velocity of an oscillator maximum?

A

when the bob passes the equilibrium point

45
Q

what is the intensity of light measured in

A

Wm^-2

46
Q

what is intensity

A

energy per area

47
Q

phase difference

A

the difference between two oscillations that are not in time with each other

measured in terms of angle in radians, a difference of pi is completely out of phase

48
Q

a path difference of 1/2wavelength introduces a phase difference of

A

pi

49
Q

distance between 2 nodes

A

half wavelength

50
Q

gamma ray wavelength order of magnitude

A

10^-12

51
Q

x ray wavelength order of magnitude

A

10^-10

52
Q

what does it mean if numbers differ by one order of magnitude

A

x is about 10x different in quantity to y

53
Q

ultraviolet wavelength order of magnitude

A

10^-8

54
Q

visible light wavelength order of magnitude

A

0.5x10^-6

55
Q

infrared wavelength order of magnitude

A

10^-5

56
Q

microwave wavelength order of magnitude

A

10^-2

57
Q

radio wavelength order of magnitude

A

10^3

58
Q

Incident radiation from Sun calculate

A

calculated by multiplying the Solar Constant by the cross-sectional surface area of the Earth.

59
Q

calculate Radiation reflected by the Earth

A

Multiply the radiation incident on the Earth by the albedo of the Earth

60
Q

calculate Radiation emitted by the Earth

A

Found by using the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (must use the total surface area of the Earth as energy is emitted in all directions). Unless stated otherwise (such as in the example to the left) assume emissivity is 1.

61
Q

order of magnitude surface area of earth in m

A

10^14

62
Q

sa of earth in m

A

5.1x10^14

63
Q

how do control rods slow down the reaction

A

absorbing neutrons, preventing them
from being absorbed by 235U, leading to
further fissions.

64
Q

why does a pool look shallower than it actually is

A

light bends as it comes out of the pool (refraction)

65
Q

why is the magnitude of the tension in the string of a pendulum at its midpoint of oscillation greater than the weight of the pendulum bob?

A

the pendulum bob accelerates towards the centre of the circular path, hence there is a force upwards that adds to the tension produced by the weight

66
Q

what happens if angle of incidence is the critical angle

A

refracted ray is refracted along the boundary

67
Q

what happens if angle of incidence is greater than critical angle

A

total internal reflection

68
Q

phase difference between particles standing wave vs progressive wave

A

All points between two nodes on a standing wave are in phase whereas points on a progressive wave that are closer than one wavelength are all out of phase

69
Q

the total energy of an object undergoing simple harmonic motion is proportional to…?

A

its mass

IB Physics (10 decks)

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