OSCE stations Flashcards
Additional stuff to ask in change in bowel habit history taking
Urgency? (Suggests proctitis)
Uncontrollable bowel motions (proctitis or overflow)
Nocturnal bowel passage (suggests organic disease)
Pain? Relieved by defaecation (IBS)
Diarrhoea:
- large volume, medium volume, made better with FASTING? - fasting makes better suggests OSMOTIC diarrhoea rather than SECRETORY
Investigations in acromegaly
ECG, visual fields and acuity
Bloods: Ca, PO4 (both increase), glucose. OGTT - look for decrease in GH in normal patients.
Imaging: MRI pituitary, CXR for cardiomegaly
Causes of palmar erythema
“CRaP Peter Ho”
Cirrhosis Rheumatoid arthritis Polycythaemia Pregnancy Hyperthyroidism
Causes of gynaecomastia
Physiological (puberty and senility) Cirrhosis Drugs (spironolactone, digoxin) Testicular tumour/orchidectomy Endocrinopathy (thyroid problems) Klinefelter
Causes of massive splenomegaly (and definition of M. Splenomegaly)
Definition: >8cm, (?pass the umbilicus)
Myelofibrosis
CML
Tropical diseases (leishmaniasis, malaria, kala-azar)
Definition of and causes of Moderate splenomegaly
Definition: 4-8cm
Causes:
Myelo/lymphoproliferative disorders, and all causes of massive splenomegaly
Infiltrative conditions (Gaucher’s, Amyloidosis, ?rheumatoid)
Mild splenomegaly definition and causes
Definition: as above
Portal hypertension by various causes
Infectious: infective mononucleosis, infective endocarditis, infective hepatitis
Haemolytic anaemia
Splenectomy indications
Trauma
Hereditary haem conditions: ITP and Spherocytosis
Causes of UNILATERAL enlarged kidney
Simple cyst
RCC
PCKD (w/ unilateral nephrectomy…)
Hydronephrosis
Causes of BILATERAL enlarged kidney
PCKD
bilateral hydronephrosis
Amyloidosis
RCC
Indications for surgery in Crohn’s disease
Obstruction from STRICTURES
Fistulae complications
Perianal disease…
Failure to respond to medical therapy
Indications of surgery in UC
Chronic disease
Prophylaxis against cancer or colonic dysphasia
Emergency for refractory colitis
Crohn’s disease complications
"FOAMA" Fistula Obstruction Anaemia Malabsorption Abscess
Complications of Ulcerative Colitis
“PACT”
Perforation
Anaemia
Carcinoma
Toxic megacolon
Cyclophosphamide side effects
“HIT”
Haem and haemorrhaged cystitis
Infertility
Teratogenicity…
Management of systemic sclerosis
Calcinosis: may fall off...surgically resect them Raynauds: Warm gloves etc. CCB (ACEI) Iloprost (prostacyclin infusion)
Esophageal dysmotility:
PPIs for reflux