Opthalmology

Question 0

Causes of KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA

Answer 0

Reduced production with old age

Sjogrens, a/w ("SHALL+M")
Sarcoid
Haemophochromatosis
Amyloidosis
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Mumps

Question 1

Causes of CATARACTS

1. Common
2. Congenital

Answer 1

1. Diabetes
Steroids (incl. cushing's stuff)
Glaucoma
Trauma
Hypothyroidism
2. Congenital toxoplasmosis
Myotonic dystrophy
Wilson's disease
Galactossaemia

Question 2

Signs and symptoms of RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

Answer 2

Difficulty seeing in dark

O/E: bone spicules on fundoscopy
Also associated with cataracts, glaucoma, keratitis etc.

Question 3

Grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 3

Silver wiring (hardened arteries)
Tortuous vessels

Question 4

Grade 2 hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 4

Arteriovenous nipping

Question 5

Grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 5

Flame haemorrhages
Cotton wool spot infarcts
(ie. same characteristics as pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy)

With other clinical signs, is diagnostic of malignant hypertension.

Question 6

Grade 4 hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 6

Papilloedema

Question 7

Management of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)

Answer 7

1. Beta-blocker (Timolol) - usual contraindications apply
2. Alpha blocker (brimonidine)
3. CA inhibitors (“-zolamide”)
4. Miotics (pilocarpine)
5. Latanoprost (PG analogues - usually first line)

Surgery: trabeculectomy