ORTO: 45, 46, 47, 48

Question 1

LIMITS OF FRACTURE GAPS

Answer 1

THOSE APPROACHING THE DIAMETER OF THE BONE SHOULD BE AVOIDED

Question 2

STRAIN

Answer 2

DECREASE IN GAP WIDTH/TOTAL WIDTH

STRAIN IS GREATER IN SMALLER FRACTURE GAPS
ES: 1 MM FG, 1 MM MOTION=100% STRAIN

GRANULATION TISSUE CAN SUPPORT UP TO 100% STRAIN

Question 3

STRESS PROTECTION

Answer 3

LIMITING STRAIN TO 1-2% SHOULD BE AVOIDED BECAUSE THERE IS NOT ENOUGH MECHANICAL SIGN TO CELLS OF THE CALLUS

Question 4

BIOLOGIC FACTORS OF BONE HEALING

Answer 4

TISSUE GROWTH FACTORS + CELLS (MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL)

Question 5

DELAYED UNION, DEFINITION

Answer 5

PROLONGATION IN TIME FOR FRACTURE HEALING

Question 6

MECHANICAL CAUSES OF DELAYED UNION

Answer 6

• EXCESSIVE FRACTURE GAPS
• MOTION AT THE FRACTURE SITE

Question 7

BIOLOGIC CAUSES OF DELAYED UNION

Answer 7

• INTRINSIC (FACTOR OF PATIENT AND FRACTURE, MOST COMMON)
• EXTRINSIC
• BOTH

Question 8

AVOID DELAYED UNION

Answer 8

• PREEMPTIVE AUTOGENOUS CANCELLOUS BONE, BONO MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS, DEMINERALIZED BONE MATRIX
• AVOID LARGE FRACTURE GAPS

Question 9

NONUNION

Answer 9

• VIABLE NONUNIONS (HORSE’S FOOT)
• NONVIABLE UNIONS (BIOLOGICALLY INACTIVE)

Question 10

MALUNION

Answer 10

• HEALING HAS OCCURRED
• FAILURE OF MECHANICAL REESTABLISHMENT OF THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF THE FRACTURE

Question 11

HOW TO DEFINE A DEFORMITY

Answer 11

IN RELATIONSHIP OF THE DISTAL SEGMENT TO THE PROXIMAL SEGMENT

Question 12

MECHANICAL AXE BONE

Answer 12

LINE CONNECTING CENTER POINTS PROXIMAL AND DISTAL TO THE BONE IN FRONTAL OR SAGGITAL PLANE

Question 13

ANATOMIC AXE

Answer 13

FOLLOWS GEOMETRY OF THE BONE: LINE THAT PASSES TROUGH THE CENTER OR MID DIAPHISIS

Question 14

JOINT ORIENTATION ANGLE

Answer 14

• FIRS LETTER: M or A, MECHANICAL OR ANATOMIC AXIS
• SECON LETTER: CR or CD (angle on saggital images) ; M or L (angle on frontal planes)
• THIRD LETTER: P or D: proximal or distal
• FOURTH LETTER: letter for the bone

Question 15

LABRADORS MEAN RADIUS ANGLE

Answer 15

• FRONTAL

aMPRA 83 aLDRA 86

• SAGGITAL

aCdPRA 85 aCdDRA 77 PROCURVATUM 27

Question 16

FEMURAL ANGLE

Answer 16

• ANATOMIC labradors

aLDFA 97 aLPFA 103

• MECHANICAL

mLDFA 100 mLPFA 100

Question 17

FEMORAL ANTEVERSION ANGLE

Answer 17

• Nunamaker AXIAL 27
• montavon Oblique 31.3
• dudley axial+CT 16 19.6

Question 18

PALEY’S RULE

Answer 18

1. osteotomy and angulation correction axis (ACA) CORA based correct
2. osteotomy non correct, ACA correct → appropriate realignment through angulation and TRANSLATION
3. osteotomy and ACA non correct → traslation iatrogenic

Question 19

MOST COMMON BACTERIA ISOLATED OSTEOMYELITIS DOG

Answer 19

• STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. (60%)
• ESCHERICHIA COLI
• STREPTOCOCCUS

STAPH. PSEUDOINTERMEDIUS, METHICILLYN RESISTANT UP 50% → MOST COMMON RECENT STUDIES

Question 20

BACTERIAL BIOFILM FUNCTIONS

Answer 20

• ALTERED-QUIESCENT BACTERIAL GROWTH PATTERN (ANTIBACTERIALS RELY ON BACTERIAL GROWTH SO DIMINISHED EFFECT)
• BARRIER
• ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY (HYDRATION LEVEL, LOW PO2, HIGH PCO2, LOW PH)

Question 21

RADIOGRAPHIC OSTEOMYELITIS

Answer 21

62.5% SENSIBILITY, 57% SENSITIVITY

Question 22

RADIOGRAPHIC OSTEOMYELITIS

Answer 22

• SEQUESTRUM
• LUCENCY AROUND IMPLANTS AND INVOLUCRUM (PERIOSTEAL PROLIFERATION9
• CLOACA (DRAINING TRACT)

Question 23

SURGICAL TREATEMENT FOR OSTEOMYELITIS

Answer 23

1. REMOVAL NECROTIC TISSUE, SEQUESTRA, FOREIGN MATERIAL
2. METICOLOUS DEBRIDEMENT
3. BIOFILM REMOVAL DISRUPTION

Question 24

PRATESI 2015, ORTHO POST-OP INFECTION

Answer 24

• OVERALL 12,9%
• 21.3% WITH POST-OP ANTIBIOTIC TREATEMENT
• 4.3% WITHOUT POST-OP ANTIBIOTIC TREATEMENT

Question 25

FREY 2010, CCL POST-OP INFECTION

Answer 25

OVERALL 6.1% * ECLS surgeries 4.2%, TPLO surgeries 8.4% * suture material other (3,9%) than stainless-steel staples (7,7%) for skin closure * postoperative oral administration of antimicrobials (10,7 % VS 5,1%)

Question 26

surgical wound to become infected

Answer 26

critical amount of contamination (\> 10⁵ organisms/g of tissue) is required

Question 27

4 MECHANISM OF NEW BONE FORMATION

Answer 27

* OSTEOGENESIS: SUPPLIES BONE-FORMING CELLS * OSTEOINDUCTION: MATERIALS THAT INDUCE BONE FORMATION (RECTUITS MESENCH. CELLS) * OSTEOCONDUCTION: SCAFFOLD TO MESENCHIMAL CELLS * OSTEOPROMOTION: ENHANCEMENT ON REGENERATING BONE; NO CELL (ES. PRP)

Question 28

GOLD STANDARD FOR BONE GRAFT

Answer 28

CANCELLOUS AUTOGENOUS BONE GRAFT ## Footnote OSTEOGENESIS, OSTEOINDUCTIVE, OSTEOCONDUCTION AND OSTEOPROMOTIVE FUNCTION

Question 29

COMMON DONOR SITE FOR AUTOGENOUS CANCELLOUS BONE GRAFT

Answer 29

* PROXIMAL REGION HUMERUS * ILIAC WING * PROXIMOMEDIAL TIBIA * SUBTROCANTERIC FEMUR * CONDYLES FEMUR * CAUDOVENTRAL PORTION MANDIBLE

Question 30

TIME TO REPEAT BONE GRAFTING

Answer 30

8 WEEKS HUMERUS, 12 WEEKS PROXIMAL TIBIA

Question 31

HOW TO HARVEST CANCELLOUS BONE AUTOGRAFT

Answer 31

CURETTAGE AFTER HOLE (KIRSCHNER) IN THE DESIRED LOCATION

Question 32

ALLOGRAFT-BASED BONE GRAFT: PROPERTIES?

Answer 32

* OSTEOINDUCTIVE * OSTEOCONDUCTIVE * NO OSTEOGENIC CELLS PRESENT MAY BE COMBINED WITH PRP OR OTHER GROWTH FACTORS TO HAVE OSTEOPROMOTIVE FEATURES

Question 33

CORTICAL ALLOGRAFT

Answer 33

ONLY STRUCTURAL SUPPORT. CREEPING SUBSTITUTION OCCURS AS THEY SLOWLY GET SUBSTITUTED WITH HOST BONE

Question 34

CALCIUM PERCENTAGE IN DEMINERALIZED BONE MATRIX TO ENHANCE OSSEOUS WOUND HEALING

Answer 34

LESS 2%. BECAUSE PROCESS OF OSTEOINDUCTION OCCURS IMMEDIATELY WITHOUT REABSORPTION PRIOR TO FORMATION OF NEW BONE