Orthotics SAQ's

Question 1

List the five elements of Perry’s functional model of physical activity.

Question 2

Which tissues are responsible for maintaining the integrity and limiting the motion of joints?

Question 3

Specify the tissues which act as a source of motion.

Question 4

What is the possible undesirable consequence of compensatory manoeuvres adopted by a patient with a structural insufficiency?

Question 5

What are the two main causes of motor insufficiency?

Question 6

Why is particular care required when fitting orthoses to patients with a sensory impairment?

Question 7

What are the two principal groups of patients who exhibit a control dysfunction?

Question 8

What are the two elements of abnormal joint control which contribute to an equino-varus position of the foot?

Question 9

List and explain the three main categories of control disorder in children with cerebral palsy.

Question 10

List the six principal factors covered by the physical examination performed prior to orthotic prescription.

Question 11

Describe the five points on the MRC Grading of muscle.

Question 12

Specify four essential elements of a description of gait deviation.

Question 13

List the six functional hand positions.

Question 14

Specify four possible clinical objectives of treatment which might be achieved orthotically.

Question 15

Suggest four different methods of treating a spastic equino-varus deformity.

Question 16

List five considerations other than the required function which will influence the choice of components and materials used in the constructions of an orthosis.

Question 17

What are the sources of the external forces which the body is subjected to during normal physical activities?

Question 18

What body tissue would normally be responsible for resisting a moment in the sagittal plane at the level of the knee joint?

Question 19

When one or other of the normal body tissues is impaired and unable to perform its normal role, how is this normally apparent?

Question 20

What are the three “direct” ways in which an orthosis may modify the forces and moments acting across a joint?

Question 21

What is the minimum number of forces required to control the moment about a joint?

Question 22

What is the minimum number of forces required to control the normal force acting upon a joint?

Question 23

In what manner would it be necessary to move the line of action of the ground reaction force to achieve a reduction in the external moment at a joint?

Question 24

What are the three principal extrinsic factors which affect tissue response to its environment?

Question 25

Specify three intrinsic risk factors associated with the development of pressure sores.

Question 26

What are the five principal considerations in achieving optimal conditions at the patient-orthosis interface?

Question 27

List the four types of joint control which current designs of orthotic joint permit.

Question 28

What are the desirable properties of materials used in the structural components of an orthosis?

Question 29

How is it possible to adjust a moulded plastic ankle-foot piece to reduce the resistance to joint motion which it provides?

Question 30

What will be the most obvious characteristics of the swing phase of a patient with total absence of dorsiflexion power?

Question 31

How should the ankle position of an AFO be altered so that it will provide enhanced knee stability?

Question 32

Specify the position of the controlling forces and the type of orthotic joint which should be incorporated in an AFO prescribed for a child with increased tone in the plantarflexor muscles.

Question 33

What type of disorder most commonly results in a spastic equino- varus position of the foot and ankle?

Question 34

Where are the proximal support areas located in an AFO designed to relieve pain in the ankle joint on weight bearing?

Question 35

What postural adjustment might a patient with knee extensor weakness adopt to maintain knee stability when walking?

Question 36

What is the indication for the use of a weight relieving design of KAFO for a patient with knee extensor weakness?

Question 37

What design of orthotic knee joint should be incorporated in a KAFO supplied to control genu recurvatum in a hemiplegic patient?

Question 38

What is the principal proximal support area in a KAFO supplied to provide weight relief?

Question 39

What are the two principal pathological conditions for which HKAFOs are provided?

Question 40

What are the three categories of ambulation for paraplegic patients?

Question 41

Name the two most widely used systems for the provision of reciprocal walking for paraplegic patients.

Question 42

List the conditions for which an upper limb orthosis may be prescribed.

Question 43

Name the three types of upper limb orthoses.

Question 44

What are the two main objectives in prescribing upper limb orthotics?

Question 45

Name five factors which influence the prescription of an orthosis.

Question 46

Why is the timing of application of an upper limb orthosis critical?

Question 47

Describe the appearance of a club-foot deformity.

Question 48

What part of the nervous system does the poliomyelitis virus affect and what is the form of the resulting impairment?

Question 49

What are the two principal features of joints affected by osteo- arthritis?

Question 50

What are the twin objectives of the orthotic treatment of deformity of the foot and ankle?

Question 51

How in general do foot orthoses eliminate abnormal plantar pressure distribution on weight-bearing experienced by patients with ankle/foot deformities?

Question 52

What are the twin objectives of the orthotic treatment of instability of the foot and ankle?

Question 53

How in general do foot orthoses eliminate abnormal plantar pressure distribution on weight-bearing experienced by patients with ankle/foot instability?

Question 54

List the three mechanical factors which may contribute to tissue breakdown in patients with a condition which results in foot insensitivity.

Question 55

What feature of a foot orthosis is used to reduce tissue shearing?

Question 56

What feature of an orthosis for a patient with a fixed equinus deformity is intended to re-establish normal heel contact?

Question 57

How does a moulded insole reduce the excessive plantar pressure encompassed by a patient with a fixed varus deformity?

Question 58

What orthotic measures are used to compenstae for the loss of dynamic subtalar function?

Question 59

Describe two alternative features of orthoses which act directly to resist foot valgus due to instability.

Question 60

What is the principal functional limitation resulting from claw toes?

Question 61

What is the main difference between a yale and philidelphia collar orthosis ?

Question 62

What is the relationship between the restraining force provided by a soft collar cervical orthosis and the deformation of the material of the collar?

Question 63

To what extent does a poster-type orthosis with four posts restrict lateral bending of the cervical spine?

Question 64

Which type of COs/CTOs stabilise the cervical spine to the greatest extent?

Question 65

Name two disorders for which dynamic spinal orthoses are employed?

Question 66

In which plane must three-point loading be applied to correct a kyphotic deformity?

Question 67

What part(s) of a Milwaukee TLSO provide(s) end-point control?

Question 68

What type of deformity does a Scheuermann’s TLSO correct?

Question 69

After what type of surgery may postural functional spinal orthoses be used?

Question 70

List the general objectives of postural functional orthoses.

Question 71

Name an orthosis that is well-established in the treatment of thoracic kyphosis.

Question 72

What is the effect of a lumbar spine orthosis on the activity of the back muscles?

Question 73

What is the specific objective in the post-operative or post- traumatic application of postural static orthoses?

Question 74

Which principle is utilised in moulded TLSOs to ensure that loads are distributed widely?

Question 75

Which lung volume has been found to be reduced in subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy when wearing postural static orthoses?