Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MedPsych Exam 3 > Orthopedics > Flashcards

Orthopedics Flashcards

1
Q

what body parts is orthopedic medicine used for?

A 
bones
joints
muscles 
tendons
nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what system is orthopedics?

A

musculoskeletal aka locomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the scope of orthopedics?

A

prevention, investigation, dx and tx of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system by medical, surgical and physical means.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are orthopedics diagnostic categories?

A 
Congenital or Developmental 
Infection or Inflammation
Injury or Mechanical Derangement 
Metabolic Dysfunction
Arthritis
Sensory Disturbances 
Tumors/Lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are examples of congenital or developmental abnormalities?

A

Club Foot
Hip Dysplasia
Muscular Dystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are examples of infection or inflammation?

A

Osteomyelitis

Septic Arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are examples of injury or mechanical derangement?

A

Fractures

Back Injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an example of Metabolic Dysfunction or Degeneration?

A

gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an examples of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are examples of sensory disturbances?

A

peripheral nerve injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of fascia?

A

Enhances organ system, provides strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of tendons?

A

Connects muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of ligaments?

A

Connects bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of joint capsules?

A

Surrounds joint, crisscross collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the types of muscles?

A

Involuntary, smooth, striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of bone and cartilage?

A

Modified collagen, increased amounts of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an example of injury to fascia?

A

Planter fasciitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are examples of skin injuries?

A

Bruise contusion

Laceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are examples of injury to tendons?

A

Lacerations
Injection
Avulsion, rupture, tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a sprain?

A

injury to a ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does sprain occur?

A

stretched when the joint is carried through a range of motion greater than normal, but without dislocation or fracture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the degrees of sprain?

A

grade 1: small tearing, some swelling, full/partial weight bearing
grade 2: partial tearing, moderate swelling, moderate joint instability, unable to weight bear
grade 3: complete rupture, severe swelling and joint instability, unable to weight bear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a strain?

A

injury to a muscle or tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what causes strains?

A

Pulling muscle too far
Pulling muscle in one direction while it is contracting
Chronic or over use activities that cause overstretching of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the anatomical functions of individual bones?

A

Rigid framework for trunk, extremities Levers for locomotion

Protection for viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the physiological functions of skeleton?

A

Hemopoietic tissue for production of erythrocytes

Storage for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium & sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do joints provide?

A

segmentation of skeleton & allows for motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a syndesmosis joint?

A

it is bound by fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a synchondrosis joint?

A

its bound by cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a synostosis joint?

A

joint becomes obliterated by bony union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a symphysis joint?

A

covered by hyaline cartilage, joined by fibrocartilage, provides stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a synovial joint?

A

covered by hyaline cartilage, joined by fibrous capsule enclosing cavity, contains synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do tendons provide for muscles?

A

Inert intracellular matrix in collagen fibers providing tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do ligaments provide for muscles?

A

Have firm attachment to bone via collagen fibers that penetrate deeply into cortical bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are observations to make for orthopedic evaluation?

A

Attitude
Deformity
Gait
Emotions stability (secondary gain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are pain observations to make for orthopedic evaluation?

A 
Location, distribution, radiation
Associated signs
Tenderness
Pain at rest
Pain on motion
Precipitating factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are abnormalities to observe for evaluation?

A 
Obvious deformity
Swelling
Ecchymosis, bruising – Heat
Muscle atrophy
Trophic changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are stability observations to make during evaluation?

A

Musculature

External support

39
Q

What types of functioning do you look for during an evaluation?

A 
Locomotion
Muscle action
Sensation
Joint contracture 
Autonomic status
40
Q

what is the part that remains after an amputation called?

A

Residual limb
Residuum
Stump

41
Q

what are the types of amputation?

A

acquired and congenital

42
Q

what is disarticulation?

A

Amputation cutting through a joint

43
Q

what is a flap?

A

Partially detached tissue with skin, muscles & vessels

44
Q

what is a myoplasty?

A

suturing muscle to bone anterior & posterior

uses muscle for anchor and cushioning

45
Q

what is a myodesis?

A

Anchoring muscle to bone

46
Q

what is a neuroma?

A

Tumor of nerve cells

47
Q

what do amputations affect in a patients life?

A 
Body image
Mood
Mobility
Self-care
Work
Play/leisure
48
Q

what is the highest cause of upper limb amputation?

A

trauma

49
Q

what is the highest cause of lower limb amputation?

A

dysvscular diseases

then trauma

50
Q

what is below/above knee amputation called?

A 
below = transtibial
above = transfemoral
51
Q

what is below/above elbow amputation called?

A 
below = transradial
above = transhumeral
52
Q

what are types of acute vascular disease?

A

Venous Thrombosis

Acute Arterial Occlusion

53
Q

what are types of chronic vascular disease?

A

Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Buerger’s Disease

54
Q

what are the factors that determine levels of amputation?

A 
Pathology 
Anatomy 
Surgery
Prosthetic 
Personal
55
Q

what are options for proximal amputations?

A

hemipelvectomy (one side)

Bilateral proximal Hemicorporectomy (both)

56
Q

what are the issues for prosthetics of lower limb amputation?

A

Pelvis becomes residual limb

not much of a lever arm to bring leg forward

57
Q

what are the goals of amputation surgery?

A

Preserve as much of limb length as possible
Skin covering stump must have normal sensation, free of scar tissue
End of stump must be covered with adequate muscle/skin

58
Q

what are the surgical procedures for amputations?

A

greatest length of skin possible for muscle coverage & tension free closure
Muscle: placed over end of bone via myodesis
Nerve: transected under tension near end of bone in scar and tension free environment
Final suture
Apply compression dressing

59
Q

what are symptoms post amputation?

A 
Anxiety
Crying spells
Insomnia
Loss of appetite 
Suicidal ideation
60
Q

what are the immediate post-op procedures?

A

Wound care
Controlled environment
Early ROM

61
Q

what are the early post-op procedures?

A

Compression shapes & shrinks stump

Positioning to prevent joint contracture

62
Q

what are pre-prosthetic training procedures?

A

ROM, MS, Endurance (maintain/improve)
Sitting/standing balance/transfers
Gait training
Prosthetic Training

63
Q

what is OT responsible for in therapy with amputees?

A 
Wound/stump care
Positioning to prevent contractures
Don/doff prosthesis
ADL training
Wheelchair selection
64
Q

what is the extra Energy Requirements of Amputees Using Prostheses?

A

Unilateral BKA = 10-20%
Bilateral BKA = 20-40 %
Unilateral AKA = 60-70%
Bilateral AKA = >200%

65
Q

what are residual limb issues?

A

Neuroma
Skin break down
Stump “choking”
Bony spurs

66
Q

what is phantom limb sensation?

A

sensation that an amputated part is still attached to the body

67
Q

what is phantom limb pain?

A

described as burning, shooting,
ischemic or crushing
depends on peripheral & central factors
stump manipulation, revision, nerve blocks etc can modify the pain

68
Q

what can hemotoma cause?

A

can attract bacteria & inhibit proper wound healing

drain can minimize it

69
Q

who is most likely to have infection of amputation site?

A

Pts who are immuno-compromised or have history of vascular diseases, also pts with infected wounds

70
Q

how do you tx infection?

A

Superficial: txd with wound care, antibiotics, & observation.
Deep: surgical debridement & possibly revision amputation to a more proximal level

71
Q

how do you tx necrosis?

A

Superficial skin neurosis: txed conservatively, b/c healing usually continues under the eschar.

Larger neurosis = insufficient vascularization & need resection or revision amputation to more proximal level

72
Q

what is a neuroma?

A

non-neoplastic, unorganized mass of nerve fibers & Schwann cells produced by hyperplasia of nerve fibers & supporting tissues after accidental or purposeful sectioning of nerve

73
Q

how does a neuroma cause pain?

A

If its compressed against rigid surface (bone or prosthetic) or if it experiences traction as it remains trapped in the healing scar

74
Q

what is terminal overgrowth? who does it happen to?

A

over growth of bone often occurring in children sometimes requiring a stump revision

75
Q

when does terminal overgrowth not happen?

A

in children with disarticulation b/c the articular cartilage acts as a natural barrier to this activity

76
Q

in what amputation is terminal overgrowth most common?

A

in above-elbow amputation b/c the humerus frequently overgrows distally with various angulation

77
Q

how do you tx symptomatic terminal overgrowth?

A

revision amputation

78
Q

how does joint contraction occur?

A

Usually due to poor positioning & lack of activity

79
Q

what % of UE amputees receive prosthetics?

A

50%

80
Q

when is UE forequarter amputation done?

A

malignant tumors that extend to the region of the shoulder joint or infiltrate the deltoid, pectoral, or subscapular muscles

81
Q

what is UE forequarter amputation?

A

Remove entire UE & shoulder girdle in the interval between the scapula & thoracic wall

fx prognosis: poor

82
Q

what are the implications for shoulder disarticulation? what is the goal?

A

Severely hinder prosthetic fx because virtually all shoulder motion is lost

goal: Sparing humeral head

83
Q

what are implications for transhumeral amputation?

A

(above elbow) Important to have bone below the insertion of pectoralis major.

goal: Preserve humeral head to retain normal contour of the shoulder

84
Q

what are the implications for elbow disarticulation?

A

Preferred by surgeon & prosthetists over above-elbow amputation.

Epicondyles provide good support for the prosthesis

85
Q

what are the implications for transradial amputation?

A

(below elbow) preserve as much length as possible to preserve pronation & supination

for proximal amputations, the biceps can be reattached to the ulna at a position that approximates the normal resting length of the muscle

86
Q

what are the implications of wrist disarticulation?

A

rare (usually replanted)
Preferable in children vs. disarticulation below elbow to preserve growth

Preserving DRUJ allows full pronation & supination

87
Q

what are the implications for transcarpal amputations?

A

rare (usually replanted)

Pt can be fitted with hand prostheses

88
Q

what are the implications for finger amputation?

A

Index finger = most important

If length, sensation, mobility are inadequate, pt will bypass index finger & use middle finger for pinch

89
Q

what can impede pinch grip in finger amputation?

A

index stump can impede middle finger

90
Q

what is the reduction in fx after a finger amputation?

A

20% reduction in power grip, key pinch, supination strength, & 50% reduction in pronation strength

91
Q

what is the most critical digit to hand fx?

A

thumb

length of the thumb is more important than active motion

92
Q

what is the best option if only the thumb tip is involved in injury?

A

replantation provides best return to fx, even if IPJ fusion is required

93
Q

what is osteointegration?

A

anchorage mechanism where nonvital components are incorporated into living bone

can persist under all normal conditions of loading

MedPsych Exam 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions