Orthopedic Tx 400 -- Dislocations and atrophy Flashcards
not able to hinge at hip?
trip another approach to same movement
–> E.g. flex at hip instead of bending forward
active support
E.g. support to the joint structures coming from E.g. muscle tissue
I.e.
Support from contractile tissue
atrophy is
loss/wasting of mm tissue
“A decrease in the size and number of your muscle fibers causes sarcopenia. With muscle atrophy, there’s a reduction in the size of the fibers, but the amount of fibers stays the same. Everyone experiences some amount of muscle loss as they age.”
—> NOTES SAY OPPOSITE (??):
“Atrophy is due to the reduction in the number of muscle fibers within the muscle as a whole, or in connection with a lesion (myogenic atrophy) or with nerve damage (neurogenic atrophy).”
myogenic atrophy – aka
disuse atrophy
Loss of mass and strength.
Caused by a lack of physical exercise/<ADL’s, often due to pain, sedentary lifestyle, medical conditions, or <activity levels, prolonged immobility (bed rest, cast).
Can usually be reversed with exercise, unless severe (damage).
During aging, there is a gradual reduction in MM function and mass. This is known as sarcopenia, and may be distinct from atrophy in its pathophysiology.
neurogenic atrophy
with nerve damage
NEUROGENIC ATROPHY (AKA true atophy)
This is the most severe type of atrophy.
Caused by the loss of motor innervation to a MM, from an injury or disease.
It occurs more suddenly than myogenic atrophy.
common causes of muscle atrophy
Alcohol-associated myopathy
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease)
Burns
Dermatomyositis and polymyositis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Injury
Long-term corticosteroid therapy
Malnutrition
Motor neuropathy (such as diabetic neuropathy)
Muscular dystrophy
Not moving (immobilization)
Osteoarthritis
Polio
Rheumatoid arthritis
Spinal cord injury
Stroke
causes to specifically note
Alcohol-associated myopathy
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Long-term corticosteroid therapy
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Stroke
DISLOCATION
A dislocation is the complete dissociation of the articulating surfaces of a joint.
A subluxation is when the articulating surfaces of a joint remain in partial contact with each other.
A joint reduction is the medical term for the tractioning of the dislocated joint surfaces.
dislocatons can occur at
may occur at any joint, certain joints are more susceptible due to anatomical configuration.
most frequently dislocated joint
The Glenohumeral joint is the most frequently dislocated. Only a portion of the articulating surface of the humeral head comes into contact with the shallow glenoid fossa. It relies on ligaments and MM support.
other commonly dislocated jts
ACJ is also classified as separation/sprain (more typically classified as sprain)
Other commonly dislocated joints include the acromialclavicular joints, metacarpals, and interphalangeals.
the events during dislocation
In a dislocation injury, a portion of the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments are either completely torn or partially ruptured.
The nearby tendons, synovial sheaths, and articular cartilage may also be damaged.
Other soft tissue injuries, such as stains and contusions occur.
Complications may occur, such as NN & BV damage, and FX.
during subluxaiton
In a subluxation, the joint capsule is stretched. Sprains may be present.
cause of dislocaiton
The cause of a dislocation is a trauma-related sudden twist or wrench of the joint beyond its normal ROM. Can be direct or indirect.
what happens when a join is disocated once?
The dislocated joint is more susceptible to future dislocations or subluxations, leading to joint instability.
