deck_17114243 Flashcards
overall function of female reprodutiv esystem
Produces sex hormones
Produces functional gametes
Protects and supports developing embryo
Maintains growing fetus
Nourishes newborn infant
female external genitalia
Vulva (outer genitals)
and urethra
Female internal genitalia
Ovaries,
uterine (Fallopian) tubes,
uterus,
vagina
Mammary gland of breast
Produces milk to nourish infant
female gonads are
OVARIES
ovaries produce
gametes
(oocytes that mature into ova)
ovaries also produce
Produce hormones
female reproductive tract
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
uterus
vagina
uterine tubes
(deliver oocyte or embryo to the uterus)
—> Normal sites of fertilization (endometrium)
site of fertiization
“a fertilized egg usually attaches to (implants in) the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
“
uterus
(site of embryonic and fetal development)
—> Also site of exchange between maternal and embryonic/fetal bloodstream
vagina
Birth canal during delivery
Passageway for fluids during menstruation
external genitalia
Mons pubis
clitoris
labia (majora/minora)
Mons pubis
Pad of fatty tissue overlapping symphysis pubis
clitoris
Contains erectile tissue
labia
Contain glands that lubricate the entrance to the vagina
—> E.g. Greater vestibular glands (analogous to bulbourethral glands of males)
mammary glands
Produce milk to nourish newborn infant
ovaries
Paired almond-shaped organs near the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity
three main functions of ovaries
1) oogenesis
2) secretion of hormones
3) secretion of inhibin
1) oogenesis
production of immature female gametes (oocytes)
2) Secretion of female sex hormones
(estrogens and progesterone)
secretion of inhibin
(inhibits FSH production in the anterior pituitary gland)
ovary is held in place by
ligaments
AKA
proper ovarian ligament
other ligaments stabilizing ovaries
1) Ovarian ligament
2) Mesovarium
3) Suspensory ligament
4) Broad ligament
1) Ovarian ligament
Extends from uterus to medial surface of ovary
2) Mesovarium
Fold of mesentery; supports and stabilizes ovary
3) Suspensory ligament
Extends from lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall
4) Broad ligament
Extensive mesentery enclosing ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus
Attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity
layers of the ovaries
1) germinal epithelium
2) tunica albuginea
3) interior of ovary
1) Germinal epithelium
Layer of squamous or cuboidal cells covering the ovary
Continuous with the visceral peritoneum
2) tunica albuginea
Dense connective tissue layer just deep to the germinal epithelium
Interior of the ovary
a) Cortex (superficial layer holding follicles where oocytes are produced)
Medulla (deep to the cortex, loose CT w/ blood vessels)
THE CORTEX of ovaries
Contains:
ovarian follicles
& dense irregular CT
ovarian follicles
a developing oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cellscalled follicular cells
mature follicles (Graafian follicles)
large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
secondary vs primary oocyte
A secondary oocyte is an oocyte in the period between the first and second maturation division; it is derived from a primary oocyte shortly before ovulation by a division that splits off the first polar body. If fertilized, it divides into an ootid and the second polar body; otherwise, it perishes.
corpus luteum
remnants of follicle after ovulation that produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin & inhibin
until it degenerates into scar tissue (corpus albicans)
layers of ovaries
Follicles at various stages of development
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
Oogenesis and the ovairan cycle
..o
oogenesis
formation and development of the oocyte
oogenesis occurs where
occurs inside a follicle
when does oogenesis actually occur first? when does it continue? when doe sit end
begins before birth, accelerates at puberty, ends at menopause
nuclear events of oogenesis vs spermatogenesis
nuclear events are very similar as with spermatogenesis
OVARIAN CYCLE
development of the follicle
—> occurs along side of oogenesis
development ends in the rupture of mature follicle (ovulation)
becomes the corpus LUTEUM and eventually corpus ALBICANS
when does oogeneiss begin
Begins in early fetal development in females
step 1 of oogenesis
Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to ovaries
Germ cells differentiate into oogonia (2n – diploid?) that continue to divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells
what happens to most of these germ cells before birth?
WHAT HAPPENS TO SOME?
Before birth, most of these germ cells degenerate through ATRESIA
A few develop into primary oocytes (2n)
atersia define
- : absence or closure of a natural passage of the body. 2. : absence or disappearance of an anatomical part (such as an ovarian follicle) by degeneration.
without
perforation
STEP 2 OF OOGENESIS
Beginning between 3rd and 7th month of fetal development, primary oocytes enter meiosis
—> arrest in prophase of meiosis I during fetal development
what is (primary?) oocyte called when arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 during fetal development?
CALLED A PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
—> “During this time, it is surrounded by one layer of follicular cells and is called a primordial follicle”
—> Stay here until puberty
how long do primordial follicles stay there?
Stay here until puberty
how many primordial follicles at birth
how many @ puberty?
how many ovulated over lifetime?
between 200,000 to 2million present at birth
40,000 remain at puberty
About 500 oocytes are ovulated over life time
Most are lost to ATRESIA
how many eggs @ menopause?
Less than 10,000 eggs at menopause, non-functional
STEP 3 OF OOGENEISS
Starting at puberty and ending at menopause
Each month, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary stimulates some of the primary oocytes to complete meiosis I
what happens after FSH from anteiror pituitary stimulates PRIMARY oocytes?
complete meisis 1
—> Yields HAPLOID secondary oocyte and a polar body
—-> Secondary oocyte gets the majority of cytoplasm
STEP 4 OF OOGENEISS
These secondary oocytes begin MEIOSIS II but are arrested in METAPHASE II
—> One (usually) secondary oocyte is released (ovulated) per month
STEP 5 OF OOGENESIS
At fertilization, the secondary oocyte divides into a SECOND POLAR BODY and a MATURE OVUM (both haploid)
THE OVARIAN CYCLE
….
the ovarian cycle occurs alongside
Occurs alongside oogenesis
Involves changes in ovarian follicles
—> Specialized structures where oocyte growth and meiosis I occur
how many PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES @ BIRTH?
About 2 million primordial follicles exist at birth
Each containing a primary oocyte
by puberty, how many primordial folicles remain?
By puberty, only about 400,000 primordial follicles remain
—> Others degenerated in a process called atresia
each month ___ stimulates development of several follicles
Each month, FSH stimulates the development of several follicles
And development of the oocyte inside along with it (oogenesis)
two stages of ovarian cycle?
1) Follicular phase: development of the follicle
2) Luteal phase: development of the corpus luteum
STAGE 1 OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE
Primordial follicle in egg nest
Primordial follicle
—> Inactive primary oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous layer of follicle cells
EGG NESTS:
Clusters of primary oocytes
in the outer portion of the
ovarian cortex, near the
tunica albuginea
Stage 2 of ovarian cycle
Formation of primary follicles
—> Follicular cells enlarge, divide, and form several layers around the primary oocyte
what are follicular cells called when they enlarge, divide and form several layers around the the primary oocyte?
Follicular cells now called GRANULOSA cells
Zona PELLUCIDA (pellucidus, translucent)
Region that develops around the oocyte
—> “The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the egg cell. It helps protect the egg, and has an essential role in fertilization by sperm.”
Thecal endocrine cells (theca, box)
Layer of cells that form around the follicle
“Theca cells are responsible for synthesizing androgens, providing signal transduction between granulosa cells and oocytes during development by the establishment of a vascular system, providing nutrients, and providing structure and support to the follicle as it matures.[2]”
what do thecal and granulosa cells do together?
Thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce ESTROGEN
Stage 3 of the ovarian cycle
Formation of secondary follicles
Follicle wall thickens, and follicular cells secrete fluid
—> Fluid-filled pockets expand and separate the inner and outer layers of the follicle
Stage 4 and 5 of the ovarian cycle
—> Formation of tertiary follicle
–> Occurs about day 10–14 of cycle
–> One secondary follicle becomes a TERTIARY follicle and eventually a mature GRAAFIAN follicle
—-> (Roughly 15 mm in diameter)
what is EXPANDED CENTRAL chamber of mature GRAAFIAN follicle called?
ANTRUM
(greek) antron = cave
where does the oocyte project?
Oocyte projects into the antrum
what do the granulosa cells form in the SECONDARY OOCYTE??
Granulosa cells form a protective layer (CORONA RADIATA) around the secondary oocyte
Stage 6 of the ovarian cycle
Ovulation
what occurs during ovulation?
Mature follicle releases SECONDARY OOCYTE and corona radiata into the pelvic cavity
recall difference between primary and secondary oocytes
“Primary oocytes are in the first division stage of meiosis. Secondary oocytes have completed meiosis I, but are halted in meiosis II until fertilization, when they become matured oocytes prior to the fusing of egg and sperm DNA in the new organism.”
during ovulation, when does mature (graafian) follicle release secondary oocyte & corona radiata into the pelvic cavity?
Occurs around day 14 of an average 28 day cycle
—> Marks end of FOLLICULAR phase and start of LUTEAL phase
—> Fimbrae sweep them into uterine tube
—> if no fertilization, cells degenerate
Stage 7 of the ovarian cycle
(Formation of corpus luteum)
—> Empty tertiary follicle collapses
—> Remaining granulosa cells proliferate
I.e.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM
what does corpus luteum secrete?
Secrete progesterone and estrogen
—> Progesterone stimulates maturation of the uterine lining
Stage 8 of the ovarian cycle
(Formation of corpus albicans)
Knot of pale scar tissue produced by fibroblasts
Formed by degeneration of the CORPUS LUTEUM when fertilization does not occur after 12 days
—> Marks the end of the ovarian cycle
what marks the end of ovarian cycle?
FORMATION OF CORPUS ALBICANS
back to the femal ereprodutive tract
..
uterine tube
Expanded funnel opens into the pelvic cavity along the surface of the ovary
Other end opens into the uterine cavityute
uterus
Inferior to the ovaries
Usually angled anteriorly above the urinary bladder
Vagina
Extends from the uterus base (cervix) to the exterior
External genitalia
Clitoris
labia
Clitoris
Stimulation produces pleasurable sensations associated with female orgasm
uterine tubes (fallopian tubes – AKA oviducts)
bilaterally, extend 10 cm from uterus and lie within folds of broad ligament
the fold of which ligament does uterine tube lie within?
within folds of BROAD LIGAMENT
uterine tubes are passage for
passage for sperm to meet ovum, and fertilized ovum to reach uterus
specific sections of the fallopian tubes
infundibulum (“FUNNEL – pour”)
ampulla (“flask”)
Isthmus (“narrow passage” – narrow passage connecting two larger parts)
infundibulum
funnel shaped portion near the ovary, open to pelvic cavity
FIMBRAE of INFUNDIBULUM are moving, finger like projections that sweep secondary oocyte from peritoneal cavity into the uterine tube
ampulla of falopia utbes
central region
isthmus of fallopian tubes
narrow portion that joins the uterus
uterine tube histology
1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) serosa
mucosa of fallopian tubes
epithelial cells
lamina propria
epithelial cells of of mucosa of Fallopian tubes
ciliated simple columnar cells move fertilized ovum (or secondary oocyte) to uterus
non-cilliated peg cells (with microvilli) secrete fluid that nourishes ovum
Muscularis of fallopian tubes
2 layers of muscle that provide PERISTALTIC movement for fertilized ovum
serosa etmyoloy
serous
serum
salpinx define
Salpinx definition: a trumpet-shaped tube, as a Fallopian or Eustachian tube
like salpingectomy
serous layer of fallopian tube (outer layer)
Serous layer of the Fallopian tube, also known as mesosalpinx (Fig. 2A), is the outer tissue layer that wraps around the Fallopian tube and is part of the peritoneal cavity lining.
Mesosalpinx is composed of epithelial cells of mesothelium and a mesh of serous membrane lining (interstitial connective tissue).
function of serous layer of fallopian tube (mesosalpinx)
“The mesosalpinx is the supportive mesentery of the oviduct and may contain a prominent oviductal ligament.”
uteirne tube and fertilization
sperm & secondary oocyte generally meet in ampulla of uterine tube
fertilization can occur up to 24 hours after ovulation
few hours after fertilization, nuclei of ovum & sperm unite
fertilized diploid zygote (2n) starts cell divisions as it moves toward uterus
how long after fertilization does zygote ARRIVE at uterus? (endometrial lining)
6-7 days after fertilization, zygote arrives in uterus
uterus
Hollow, muscular organ
where is uterus situated?
between which two organs
between urinary bladder & rectum
uterus is the SIZE AND SHAPE of what ?
size & shape of an inverted pear
uterus functions
1) pathway for sperm deposited in vagina to reach uterine tubes
2) site of implantation of fertilized ovum
3) site of fetal development
4) source of MENSES released during menstruation
what purpose do contractions of myometrium (uterine smooth muscle lining) serve?
contractions in the muscular wall are important in delivering the fetus at birth
menses release during menstruation @ uterus
menses define
“The normal monthly shedding of blood and tissue from the lining of the uterus (womb) when pregnancy does not occur.”
“During menses, menstrual blood and tissue flow from the uterus through the cervix and pass out of the body through the vagina.”
why blood?
“During your menstrual cycle, if an egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining breaks down, and bleeds.”
menses – definition
“blood and other matter discharged from the uterus at menstruation.”
2
“the time of menstruation.”
uterus anatomy
Fundus
Body
Isthmus
Cervix
fundus of uterus
= dome shaped superior portion
body of uterus
= tapering central portion
= interior = uterine cavity
isthmus of uterus
= constricted portion between body and cervix
cervix
= inferior narrow portion that opens to vagina
= interior = cervical canal
= opens to uterine cavity at internal os
= opens to vagina at external os
os define
an opening or entrance to a passage, especially one at either end of the cervix of the uterus.
Os = latin for mouth
uterus histology
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
perimetrium of uterus
Serosa,
part of visceral peritoneum
(LIKE SEROUS layer of fallopian tubes)
myometrium of uterus
3 layers of smooth muscle
endometrium of uterus
simple columnar epithelium
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
stratum functionalis of endometrium
lines uterine cavity, sloughs off during menstruation
straum basalis of endometrium
permanent & gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
Uterine Vasculature
Uterine artery →
Arcuate arteries: →
(encircle the endometrium)
Radial arteries →
(supply the endometrium)
Straight arteries →
(supply the stratum basalis)
Spiral arteries
(supply the stratum functionalis)
Spiral artery (vs mentrual cycle)
constriction d/t hormonal changes initiate menses
***THIS is the where the BLOOD of menses come from
Uterine Secretions
secretory cells in cervical mucosa produce mucous
cervix & mucous protect sperm from hostile environment of vagina & uterus
description of uterine secretions
water, glycoproteins, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, inorganic salts
THIN vs THICK secretions
thin secretions of uterus
Thin secretions: more receptive to sperm & supports capacitation
thick secretions of uterus
Thick secretions: forms CERVICAL PLUG that physically impedes sperm
mucus plug function – uterine secretions (THICK secretions)
“The mucus plug sits at the opening of the cervix and plays a role as a protective barrier, helping to prevent bacteria and other harmful substances from entering the uterus and endangering the developing fetus.”
uterine ligaments
round ligament
uteralsacral ligaments
round ligament of uterus
attach ant. of uterus to labia majora to maintain anteflexion of uterus
(Common source of pain during pregnancy)
which ligament is common source of pain during pregnancy?
round ligament of uterus
uteralsacral ligaments
connect uterus to sacrum on either side of rectum
vagina
Elastic, muscular tube
Extends from the cervix to the VESTIBULE (space bordered by the labia minora)
—> most visible when labia MINORA are spread wide
the vagina is situated between
between urinary bladder & rectum
vagina diameter is
Variable diameter (highly distensible)
internal passageway of vagina is AKA
Internal passageway is the vaginal canal
Reproductive Functions of the Vagina
1) Passageway for menstrual fluids
2) Receives and holds sperm during sexual intercourse prior to the passage into the uterus
3) Forms inferior portion of birth canal
anatomical regions of vagina
1) vaginal canal
2) fornix
3) Rugae of vagina
4) hymen
a) vaginal canal + tissue type
Internal passageway
Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
b) fornix
Shallow recess in the vagina surrounding the tip of the cervix
c) rugae of vagina
Folds formed by the vaginal lining when relaxed
d) hymen
Elastic epithelial fold that usually partially blocks entrance to the vagina
—> Frequently absent
hymen is stretched or torn during
Stretched or torn during intercourse, tampon use, or heavy physical exercise
Vaginal Histology
1) mucosal layer
2) muscular layer
3) adventitia
mucosal layer of vagina
stratified squamous epithelium & areolar CT
large store of glycogen break down to create an acidic environment (alkaline components of semen neutralize)
continuous with uterine mucosa, has folds = rugae
mucosa dendritic cells = APC (antigen presenting cells)
muscular layer of vagina
smooth mm that allows for considerable stretch
adventitia of vagina
loose CT that binds to other organs
vulva is also known as
pudendum
pudendum etymology
pudere – be ashamed
?????? Why
the external genitalia consists of
mons pubis
labia majora and labia minora
mons pubis is
fatty pad over pubic synthesis
labia major and minora are
folds of skin encircling VESTIBULE
vestibule of vagina define
the space in the vulva into which both the urethra and vagina open.
vestibule definition from slides
area between the labia minora where vaginal & urethral orifices are found
hymen
Elastic epithelial fold that usually partially blocks entrance to the vagina
—-> Frequently absent
Stretched or torn during intercourse, tampon use, or heavy physical exercise
clitoris
small mass of erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis
Highly innervated and plays major role in orgasm during intercourse
BULB of the vestibule
masses of erectile tissue deep to labia on either side of vaginal orifice
greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
Activated during sexual arousal
ANALAGOUS TO BULBOURETHRAL (Cowper’s) GLANDS
lesser vestibular (Skene’s) glands
Secrete onto the vestibular surface, keeping it moist
Perineum
diamond shaped area between thighs & buttocks of males & females
contains external genitals & anus
bounded by pubic symphysis & coccyx (AND ischii?)
urogenital triangle
(ANTERIOR portion of diamond shaped perineum?)
external genitals
anal triangle
(POSTERIOR portion of diamond shaped perineum?)
anus
mammary glands
Provide nourishment (milk) for developing infant
milk production (lactation) is controlled by…
by hormones released by the reproductive system AND THE PLACENTA
how does placenta control lactation
“Progesterone (“Pro-gestation” – i.e. promotes “gestation,” which is infant growth in womb) works against lactation. This is why mom’s milk doesn’t fully “come in” until after delivery of the baby and the placenta. It’s why retained placenta is one of the causes of low or absent milk production.”
mammary glands are located @
Located on the anterior chest, directly over the pectoralis major muscle
mammary glands are embedded in…
Embedded in the subcutaneous tissue of the pectoral fat pad deep to the skin
suspensory ligaments of the breasts
Bands of dense connective tissue
Surround the duct system and form partitions between lobes and lobules
Glandular tissue divided into lobes
Each lobe has several secretory LOBULES
Each LOBULE is composed of SECRETORY ALVEOLI
modified SUDORIFEROUS glands (APOCRINE sweat)
suspensory ligaments of breasts aka
Cooper’s ligaments
“Cooper’s ligaments are bands of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue that shape and support your breasts.”
DUCTS FROM LOBULES converge into a single
Ducts from the lobules converge into one LACTIFEROUS DUCT per lobe
each lactiferous duct expands near nipple to form …
Each LACTIFEROUS DUCT expands near the nipple to form a LACTIFEROUS SINUS
nipple
Conical projection where 15–20 lactiferous sinuses open onto the body surface
Areola
Reddish-brown skin around the nipple
Grainy texture from sebaceous glands deep to the surface
..
