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Semester 4 > deck_17114243 > Flashcards

deck_17114243 Flashcards

1
Q

overall function of female reprodutiv esystem

A

Produces sex hormones

Produces functional gametes

Protects and supports developing embryo

Maintains growing fetus

Nourishes newborn infant

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2
Q

female external genitalia

A

Vulva (outer genitals)

and urethra

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3
Q

Female internal genitalia

A

Ovaries,

uterine (Fallopian) tubes,

uterus,

vagina

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4
Q

Mammary gland of breast

A

Produces milk to nourish infant

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5
Q

female gonads are

A

OVARIES

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6
Q

ovaries produce

A

gametes

(oocytes that mature into ova)

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7
Q

ovaries also produce

A

Produce hormones

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8
Q

female reproductive tract

A

uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)

uterus

vagina

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9
Q

uterine tubes

A

(deliver oocyte or embryo to the uterus)

—> Normal sites of fertilization (endometrium)

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10
Q

site of fertiization

A

“a fertilized egg usually attaches to (implants in) the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
“

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11
Q

uterus

A

(site of embryonic and fetal development)

—> Also site of exchange between maternal and embryonic/fetal bloodstream

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12
Q

vagina

A

Birth canal during delivery

Passageway for fluids during menstruation

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13
Q

external genitalia

A

Mons pubis

clitoris

labia (majora/minora)

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14
Q

Mons pubis

A

Pad of fatty tissue overlapping symphysis pubis

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15
Q

clitoris

A

Contains erectile tissue

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16
Q

labia

A

Contain glands that lubricate the entrance to the vagina

—> E.g. Greater vestibular glands (analogous to bulbourethral glands of males)

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17
Q

mammary glands

A

Produce milk to nourish newborn infant

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18
Q

ovaries

A

Paired almond-shaped organs near the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity

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19
Q

three main functions of ovaries

A

1) oogenesis

2) secretion of hormones

3) secretion of inhibin

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20
Q

1) oogenesis

A

production of immature female gametes (oocytes)

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21
Q

2) Secretion of female sex hormones

A

(estrogens and progesterone)

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22
Q

secretion of inhibin

A

(inhibits FSH production in the anterior pituitary gland)

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23
Q

ovary is held in place by

A

ligaments

AKA
proper ovarian ligament

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24
Q

other ligaments stabilizing ovaries

A

1) Ovarian ligament

2) Mesovarium

3) Suspensory ligament

4) Broad ligament

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25
Q

1) Ovarian ligament

A

Extends from uterus to medial surface of ovary

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26
Q

2) Mesovarium

A

Fold of mesentery; supports and stabilizes ovary

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27
Q

3) Suspensory ligament

A

Extends from lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall

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28
Q

4) Broad ligament

A

Extensive mesentery enclosing ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus

Attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity

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29
Q

layers of the ovaries

A

1) germinal epithelium

2) tunica albuginea

3) interior of ovary

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30
Q

1) Germinal epithelium

A

Layer of squamous or cuboidal cells covering the ovary

Continuous with the visceral peritoneum

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31
Q

2) tunica albuginea

A

Dense connective tissue layer just deep to the germinal epithelium

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32
Q

Interior of the ovary

A

a) Cortex (superficial layer holding follicles where oocytes are produced)

Medulla (deep to the cortex, loose CT w/ blood vessels)

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33
Q

THE CORTEX of ovaries

A

Contains:

ovarian follicles
& dense irregular CT

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34
Q

ovarian follicles

A

a developing oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cellscalled follicular cells

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35
Q

mature follicles (Graafian follicles)

A

large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture its secondary oocyte (ovulation)

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36
Q

secondary vs primary oocyte

A

A secondary oocyte is an oocyte in the period between the first and second maturation division; it is derived from a primary oocyte shortly before ovulation by a division that splits off the first polar body. If fertilized, it divides into an ootid and the second polar body; otherwise, it perishes.

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37
Q

corpus luteum

A

remnants of follicle after ovulation that produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin & inhibin

until it degenerates into scar tissue (corpus albicans)

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38
Q

layers of ovaries

A

Follicles at various stages of development

Corpus luteum

Corpus albicans

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39
Q

Oogenesis and the ovairan cycle

A

..o

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40
Q

oogenesis

A

formation and development of the oocyte

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41
Q

oogenesis occurs where

A

occurs inside a follicle

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42
Q

when does oogenesis actually occur first? when does it continue? when doe sit end

A

begins before birth, accelerates at puberty, ends at menopause

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43
Q

nuclear events of oogenesis vs spermatogenesis

A

nuclear events are very similar as with spermatogenesis

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44
Q

OVARIAN CYCLE

A

development of the follicle
—> occurs along side of oogenesis

development ends in the rupture of mature follicle (ovulation)

becomes the corpus LUTEUM and eventually corpus ALBICANS

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45
Q

when does oogeneiss begin

A

Begins in early fetal development in females

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46
Q

step 1 of oogenesis

A

Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to ovaries

Germ cells differentiate into oogonia (2n – diploid?) that continue to divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells

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47
Q

what happens to most of these germ cells before birth?

WHAT HAPPENS TO SOME?

A

Before birth, most of these germ cells degenerate through ATRESIA

A few develop into primary oocytes (2n)

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48
Q

atersia define

A
  1. : absence or closure of a natural passage of the body. 2. : absence or disappearance of an anatomical part (such as an ovarian follicle) by degeneration.

without
perforation

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49
Q

STEP 2 OF OOGENESIS

A

Beginning between 3rd and 7th month of fetal development, primary oocytes enter meiosis

—> arrest in prophase of meiosis I during fetal development

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50
Q

what is (primary?) oocyte called when arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 during fetal development?

A

CALLED A PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

—> “During this time, it is surrounded by one layer of follicular cells and is called a primordial follicle”

—> Stay here until puberty

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51
Q

how long do primordial follicles stay there?

A

Stay here until puberty

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52
Q

how many primordial follicles at birth

how many @ puberty?

how many ovulated over lifetime?

A

between 200,000 to 2million present at birth

40,000 remain at puberty

About 500 oocytes are ovulated over life time

Most are lost to ATRESIA

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53
Q

how many eggs @ menopause?

A

Less than 10,000 eggs at menopause, non-functional

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54
Q

STEP 3 OF OOGENEISS

A

Starting at puberty and ending at menopause

Each month, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary stimulates some of the primary oocytes to complete meiosis I

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55
Q

what happens after FSH from anteiror pituitary stimulates PRIMARY oocytes?

A

complete meisis 1

—> Yields HAPLOID secondary oocyte and a polar body

—-> Secondary oocyte gets the majority of cytoplasm

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56
Q

STEP 4 OF OOGENEISS

A

These secondary oocytes begin MEIOSIS II but are arrested in METAPHASE II

—> One (usually) secondary oocyte is released (ovulated) per month

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57
Q

STEP 5 OF OOGENESIS

A

At fertilization, the secondary oocyte divides into a SECOND POLAR BODY and a MATURE OVUM (both haploid)

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58
Q

THE OVARIAN CYCLE

A

….

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59
Q

the ovarian cycle occurs alongside

A

Occurs alongside oogenesis

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60
Q

Involves changes in ovarian follicles

A

—> Specialized structures where oocyte growth and meiosis I occur

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61
Q

how many PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES @ BIRTH?

A

About 2 million primordial follicles exist at birth

Each containing a primary oocyte

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62
Q

by puberty, how many primordial folicles remain?

A

By puberty, only about 400,000 primordial follicles remain

—> Others degenerated in a process called atresia

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63
Q

each month ___ stimulates development of several follicles

A

Each month, FSH stimulates the development of several follicles

And development of the oocyte inside along with it (oogenesis)

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64
Q

two stages of ovarian cycle?

A

1) Follicular phase: development of the follicle

2) Luteal phase: development of the corpus luteum

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65
Q

STAGE 1 OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE

A

Primordial follicle in egg nest

Primordial follicle
—> Inactive primary oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous layer of follicle cells

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66
Q

EGG NESTS:

A

Clusters of primary oocytes
in the outer portion of the
ovarian cortex, near the
tunica albuginea

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67
Q

Stage 2 of ovarian cycle

A

Formation of primary follicles

—> Follicular cells enlarge, divide, and form several layers around the primary oocyte

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68
Q

what are follicular cells called when they enlarge, divide and form several layers around the the primary oocyte?

A

Follicular cells now called GRANULOSA cells

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69
Q

Zona PELLUCIDA (pellucidus, translucent)

A

Region that develops around the oocyte

—> “The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the egg cell. It helps protect the egg, and has an essential role in fertilization by sperm.”

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70
Q

Thecal endocrine cells (theca, box)

A

Layer of cells that form around the follicle

“Theca cells are responsible for synthesizing androgens, providing signal transduction between granulosa cells and oocytes during development by the establishment of a vascular system, providing nutrients, and providing structure and support to the follicle as it matures.[2]”

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71
Q

what do thecal and granulosa cells do together?

A

Thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce ESTROGEN

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72
Q

Stage 3 of the ovarian cycle

A

Formation of secondary follicles

Follicle wall thickens, and follicular cells secrete fluid

—> Fluid-filled pockets expand and separate the inner and outer layers of the follicle

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73
Q

Stage 4 and 5 of the ovarian cycle

A

—> Formation of tertiary follicle

–> Occurs about day 10–14 of cycle

–> One secondary follicle becomes a TERTIARY follicle and eventually a mature GRAAFIAN follicle
—-> (Roughly 15 mm in diameter)

74
Q

what is EXPANDED CENTRAL chamber of mature GRAAFIAN follicle called?

A

ANTRUM

(greek) antron = cave

75
Q

where does the oocyte project?

A

Oocyte projects into the antrum

76
Q

what do the granulosa cells form in the SECONDARY OOCYTE??

A

Granulosa cells form a protective layer (CORONA RADIATA) around the secondary oocyte

77
Q

Stage 6 of the ovarian cycle

A

Ovulation

78
Q

what occurs during ovulation?

A

Mature follicle releases SECONDARY OOCYTE and corona radiata into the pelvic cavity

79
Q

recall difference between primary and secondary oocytes

A

“Primary oocytes are in the first division stage of meiosis. Secondary oocytes have completed meiosis I, but are halted in meiosis II until fertilization, when they become matured oocytes prior to the fusing of egg and sperm DNA in the new organism.”

80
Q

during ovulation, when does mature (graafian) follicle release secondary oocyte & corona radiata into the pelvic cavity?

A

Occurs around day 14 of an average 28 day cycle

—> Marks end of FOLLICULAR phase and start of LUTEAL phase

—> Fimbrae sweep them into uterine tube

—> if no fertilization, cells degenerate

81
Q

Stage 7 of the ovarian cycle

(Formation of corpus luteum)

A

—> Empty tertiary follicle collapses

—> Remaining granulosa cells proliferate

I.e.
THE CORPUS LUTEUM

82
Q

what does corpus luteum secrete?

A

Secrete progesterone and estrogen

—> Progesterone stimulates maturation of the uterine lining

83
Q

Stage 8 of the ovarian cycle

(Formation of corpus albicans)

A

Knot of pale scar tissue produced by fibroblasts

Formed by degeneration of the CORPUS LUTEUM when fertilization does not occur after 12 days

—> Marks the end of the ovarian cycle

84
Q

what marks the end of ovarian cycle?

A

FORMATION OF CORPUS ALBICANS

85
Q

back to the femal ereprodutive tract

A

..

86
Q

uterine tube

A

Expanded funnel opens into the pelvic cavity along the surface of the ovary

Other end opens into the uterine cavityute

87
Q

uterus

A

Inferior to the ovaries

Usually angled anteriorly above the urinary bladder

88
Q

Vagina

A

Extends from the uterus base (cervix) to the exterior

89
Q

External genitalia

A

Clitoris

labia

90
Q

Clitoris

A

Stimulation produces pleasurable sensations associated with female orgasm

91
Q

uterine tubes (fallopian tubes – AKA oviducts)

A

bilaterally, extend 10 cm from uterus and lie within folds of broad ligament

92
Q

the fold of which ligament does uterine tube lie within?

A

within folds of BROAD LIGAMENT

93
Q

uterine tubes are passage for

A

passage for sperm to meet ovum, and fertilized ovum to reach uterus

94
Q

specific sections of the fallopian tubes

A

infundibulum (“FUNNEL – pour”)

ampulla (“flask”)

Isthmus (“narrow passage” – narrow passage connecting two larger parts)

95
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel shaped portion near the ovary, open to pelvic cavity

FIMBRAE of INFUNDIBULUM are moving, finger like projections that sweep secondary oocyte from peritoneal cavity into the uterine tube

96
Q

ampulla of falopia utbes

A

central region

97
Q

isthmus of fallopian tubes

A

narrow portion that joins the uterus

98
Q

uterine tube histology

A

1) mucosa

2) muscularis

3) serosa

99
Q

mucosa of fallopian tubes

A

epithelial cells
lamina propria

100
Q

epithelial cells of of mucosa of Fallopian tubes

A

ciliated simple columnar cells move fertilized ovum (or secondary oocyte) to uterus

non-cilliated peg cells (with microvilli) secrete fluid that nourishes ovum

101
Q

Muscularis of fallopian tubes

A

2 layers of muscle that provide PERISTALTIC movement for fertilized ovum

102
Q

serosa etmyoloy

A

serous

serum

103
Q

salpinx define

A

Salpinx definition: a trumpet-shaped tube, as a Fallopian or Eustachian tube

like salpingectomy

104
Q

serous layer of fallopian tube (outer layer)

A

Serous layer of the Fallopian tube, also known as mesosalpinx (Fig. 2A), is the outer tissue layer that wraps around the Fallopian tube and is part of the peritoneal cavity lining.

Mesosalpinx is composed of epithelial cells of mesothelium and a mesh of serous membrane lining (interstitial connective tissue).

105
Q

function of serous layer of fallopian tube (mesosalpinx)

A

“The mesosalpinx is the supportive mesentery of the oviduct and may contain a prominent oviductal ligament.”

106
Q

uteirne tube and fertilization

A

sperm & secondary oocyte generally meet in ampulla of uterine tube

fertilization can occur up to 24 hours after ovulation

few hours after fertilization, nuclei of ovum & sperm unite

fertilized diploid zygote (2n) starts cell divisions as it moves toward uterus

107
Q

how long after fertilization does zygote ARRIVE at uterus? (endometrial lining)

A

6-7 days after fertilization, zygote arrives in uterus

108
Q

uterus

A

Hollow, muscular organ

109
Q

where is uterus situated?

between which two organs

A

between urinary bladder & rectum

110
Q

uterus is the SIZE AND SHAPE of what ?

A

size & shape of an inverted pear

111
Q

uterus functions

A

1) pathway for sperm deposited in vagina to reach uterine tubes

2) site of implantation of fertilized ovum

3) site of fetal development

4) source of MENSES released during menstruation

112
Q

what purpose do contractions of myometrium (uterine smooth muscle lining) serve?

A

contractions in the muscular wall are important in delivering the fetus at birth

113
Q

menses release during menstruation @ uterus

menses define

A

“The normal monthly shedding of blood and tissue from the lining of the uterus (womb) when pregnancy does not occur.”

“During menses, menstrual blood and tissue flow from the uterus through the cervix and pass out of the body through the vagina.”

114
Q

why blood?

A

“During your menstrual cycle, if an egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining breaks down, and bleeds.”

115
Q

menses – definition

A

“blood and other matter discharged from the uterus at menstruation.”

2
“the time of menstruation.”

116
Q

uterus anatomy

A

Fundus

Body

Isthmus

Cervix

117
Q

fundus of uterus

A

= dome shaped superior portion

118
Q

body of uterus

A

= tapering central portion
= interior = uterine cavity

119
Q

isthmus of uterus

A

= constricted portion between body and cervix

120
Q

cervix

A

= inferior narrow portion that opens to vagina

= interior = cervical canal

= opens to uterine cavity at internal os

= opens to vagina at external os

121
Q

os define

A

an opening or entrance to a passage, especially one at either end of the cervix of the uterus.

Os = latin for mouth

122
Q

uterus histology

A

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

123
Q

perimetrium of uterus

A

Serosa,

part of visceral peritoneum
(LIKE SEROUS layer of fallopian tubes)

124
Q

myometrium of uterus

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

125
Q

endometrium of uterus

A

simple columnar epithelium

stratum functionalis
stratum basalis

126
Q

stratum functionalis of endometrium

A

lines uterine cavity, sloughs off during menstruation

127
Q

straum basalis of endometrium

A

permanent & gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

128
Q

Uterine Vasculature

A

Uterine artery →
Arcuate arteries: →
(encircle the endometrium)

Radial arteries →
(supply the endometrium)

Straight arteries →
(supply the stratum basalis)

Spiral arteries
(supply the stratum functionalis)

129
Q

Spiral artery (vs mentrual cycle)

A

constriction d/t hormonal changes initiate menses

***THIS is the where the BLOOD of menses come from

130
Q

Uterine Secretions

A

secretory cells in cervical mucosa produce mucous

cervix & mucous protect sperm from hostile environment of vagina & uterus

131
Q

description of uterine secretions

A

water, glycoproteins, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, inorganic salts

THIN vs THICK secretions

132
Q

thin secretions of uterus

A

Thin secretions: more receptive to sperm & supports capacitation

133
Q

thick secretions of uterus

A

Thick secretions: forms CERVICAL PLUG that physically impedes sperm

134
Q

mucus plug function – uterine secretions (THICK secretions)

A

“The mucus plug sits at the opening of the cervix and plays a role as a protective barrier, helping to prevent bacteria and other harmful substances from entering the uterus and endangering the developing fetus.”

135
Q

uterine ligaments

A

round ligament

uteralsacral ligaments

136
Q

round ligament of uterus

A

attach ant. of uterus to labia majora to maintain anteflexion of uterus

(Common source of pain during pregnancy)

137
Q

which ligament is common source of pain during pregnancy?

A

round ligament of uterus

138
Q

uteralsacral ligaments

A

connect uterus to sacrum on either side of rectum

139
Q

vagina

A

Elastic, muscular tube

Extends from the cervix to the VESTIBULE (space bordered by the labia minora)
—> most visible when labia MINORA are spread wide

140
Q

the vagina is situated between

A

between urinary bladder & rectum

141
Q

vagina diameter is

A

Variable diameter (highly distensible)

142
Q

internal passageway of vagina is AKA

A

Internal passageway is the vaginal canal

143
Q

Reproductive Functions of the Vagina

A

1) Passageway for menstrual fluids

2) Receives and holds sperm during sexual intercourse prior to the passage into the uterus

3) Forms inferior portion of birth canal

144
Q

anatomical regions of vagina

A

1) vaginal canal

2) fornix

3) Rugae of vagina

4) hymen

145
Q

a) vaginal canal + tissue type

A

Internal passageway

Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

146
Q

b) fornix

A

Shallow recess in the vagina surrounding the tip of the cervix

147
Q

c) rugae of vagina

A

Folds formed by the vaginal lining when relaxed

148
Q

d) hymen

A

Elastic epithelial fold that usually partially blocks entrance to the vagina

—> Frequently absent

149
Q

hymen is stretched or torn during

A

Stretched or torn during intercourse, tampon use, or heavy physical exercise

150
Q

Vaginal Histology

A

1) mucosal layer

2) muscular layer

3) adventitia

151
Q

mucosal layer of vagina

A

stratified squamous epithelium & areolar CT

large store of glycogen break down to create an acidic environment (alkaline components of semen neutralize)

continuous with uterine mucosa, has folds = rugae

mucosa dendritic cells = APC (antigen presenting cells)

152
Q

muscular layer of vagina

A

smooth mm that allows for considerable stretch

153
Q

adventitia of vagina

A

loose CT that binds to other organs

154
Q

vulva is also known as

A

pudendum

155
Q

pudendum etymology

A

pudere – be ashamed

?????? Why

156
Q

the external genitalia consists of

A

mons pubis

labia majora and labia minora

157
Q

mons pubis is

A

fatty pad over pubic synthesis

158
Q

labia major and minora are

A

folds of skin encircling VESTIBULE

159
Q

vestibule of vagina define

A

the space in the vulva into which both the urethra and vagina open.

160
Q

vestibule definition from slides

A

area between the labia minora where vaginal & urethral orifices are found

161
Q

hymen

A

Elastic epithelial fold that usually partially blocks entrance to the vagina
—-> Frequently absent

Stretched or torn during intercourse, tampon use, or heavy physical exercise

162
Q

clitoris

A

small mass of erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis

Highly innervated and plays major role in orgasm during intercourse

163
Q

BULB of the vestibule

A

masses of erectile tissue deep to labia on either side of vaginal orifice

164
Q

greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

A

Activated during sexual arousal

ANALAGOUS TO BULBOURETHRAL (Cowper’s) GLANDS

165
Q

lesser vestibular (Skene’s) glands

A

Secrete onto the vestibular surface, keeping it moist

166
Q

Perineum

A

diamond shaped area between thighs & buttocks of males & females

contains external genitals & anus

bounded by pubic symphysis & coccyx (AND ischii?)

167
Q

urogenital triangle

(ANTERIOR portion of diamond shaped perineum?)

A

external genitals

168
Q

anal triangle

(POSTERIOR portion of diamond shaped perineum?)

A

anus

169
Q

mammary glands

A

Provide nourishment (milk) for developing infant

170
Q

milk production (lactation) is controlled by…

A

by hormones released by the reproductive system AND THE PLACENTA

171
Q

how does placenta control lactation

A

“Progesterone (“Pro-gestation” – i.e. promotes “gestation,” which is infant growth in womb) works against lactation. This is why mom’s milk doesn’t fully “come in” until after delivery of the baby and the placenta. It’s why retained placenta is one of the causes of low or absent milk production.”

172
Q

mammary glands are located @

A

Located on the anterior chest, directly over the pectoralis major muscle

173
Q

mammary glands are embedded in…

A

Embedded in the subcutaneous tissue of the pectoral fat pad deep to the skin

174
Q

suspensory ligaments of the breasts

A

Bands of dense connective tissue

Surround the duct system and form partitions between lobes and lobules

175
Q

Glandular tissue divided into lobes

A

Each lobe has several secretory LOBULES

Each LOBULE is composed of SECRETORY ALVEOLI

modified SUDORIFEROUS glands (APOCRINE sweat)

176
Q

suspensory ligaments of breasts aka

A

Cooper’s ligaments

“Cooper’s ligaments are bands of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue that shape and support your breasts.”

177
Q

DUCTS FROM LOBULES converge into a single

A

Ducts from the lobules converge into one LACTIFEROUS DUCT per lobe

178
Q

each lactiferous duct expands near nipple to form …

A

Each LACTIFEROUS DUCT expands near the nipple to form a LACTIFEROUS SINUS

179
Q

nipple

A

Conical projection where 15–20 lactiferous sinuses open onto the body surface

180
Q

Areola

A

Reddish-brown skin around the nipple

Grainy texture from sebaceous glands deep to the surface

181
Q

..

A

Semester 4 (30 decks)

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