Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Orthopedic Pathology > Orthopedic Pathology 5 Joint Pathologies > Flashcards

Orthopedic Pathology 5 Joint Pathologies Flashcards

0
Q

Planar joint

A

Ex: Navicular and the second and third cuneiforms of the tarsus in the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Are diathroses or diathrodial joint
Most common and most movable joint in body
Capsule surrounds the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint
Lubricating synovial fluid within the capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hinge joint

A

Ex: Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pivot joint

A

Head of radius and radial notch of ulna (annular ligament attached to Ulna is holding radius)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Saddle joint

A

Between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Acetabular femoral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cartilage

A

Avascular CT
No nerve supply
Consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
Surrounded by perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most abundant but weakest type of cartilage
Fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel type matrix
provides flexibility and support
reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reaction of Articular cartilage

A

Destruction - actively being damaged (trauma), RA, infections, AS, continual compression such as overweight, immobilization, poor posture, corticosteroid injections
Degeneration - overtime, premature aging by overuse, previous destruction, incongruity of joint or irregular joint surface
Peripheral proliferation - osteophyte (bone spur) formation, OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reactions to Synovial Membrane

A

Increase production of fluid from synovial membrane - effusion (extra synovial fluid)
Thickening of membrane - hypertrophy
Adhesions post injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reactions of joint capsule and ligaments

A

Joint laxity - after injury, congenital (Trisomy21, Marfan’s), pregnancy (hormone relaxin), infection
Joint Contractures - disuse, congenital, infection, arthritis, due to muscle Contractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Joint Deformity

A

Displacement of the joint - subluxation, dislocation
Excessive Mobility
Restricted Mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gout

A

AKA metabolic arthritis
A group of disorders in which crystals of monosodium urate (uric acid) are deposited in the tissue, accompanied by attacks of acute arthritis
Marked by an elevated level of serum uric acid and the deposition of urate crystals in the joints, soft tissue and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathogenesis of Gout

A

Normal

  • Uric acid is normally formed with the break down of purines
  • Uric acids dissolves in the blood, passes through the kidneys and is then excreted

Abnormal

  • With too much production or with poor kidney function uric acid may precipitate out of blood and accumulate in body tissues
  • Crystals frequently collect on articular cartilage
  • These trigger and inflammatory response resulting in local tissue necrosis and proliferation of fibrous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Three groups of Gout

A

Primary Hyperuricemia
- inherited disorder of uric acid metabolism
Secondary Hyperuricemia
-Occurs as a result of some other metabolic problem
-Increased DNA trunover d/t Leukemia, lymphoma, chemotherapy
Ideopathic hyperuricemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cause of Gout

A

Can be the result of urate overproduction or decreased urinary excretio of uric acid

Diet rich in purines

  • nitrogen containing compounds found in food
  • Purine-containing foods: red meats, organ meats, shelfish, sweet breads, dairy, beer

Male>female 9:1
Usually 40-50 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Risk factors of Gout

A 
Obesity
Excessive weight gain, especially with puberty
Moderate-heavy alcohol intake
Hypertension
Abnormal kidney function
Certain medications
Certain diseases - lymphoma, leukemia, hemoglobin disorders, increased nuclear-protein turnover
Decreased thyroid function
Dehydration
Excessive dining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Gout

A

Most common - first MTP joint
Can also affect wrists, fingers, knees, elbows and ankles
Rapid onset pain, swelling, heat, redness, tenderness, +/- fever
Nodular masses of uric acid depositing in soft tissues of body - tophi (massive uric acid deposit)
Tends to be unilateral

19
Q

Diagnosis of Gout

A

Differential diagnosis septic arthritis, RA, neoplasm (new growth=cancer/tumor)

Made when

  • Monosodium urate crystals (tophi) are found within synovial fluid, connective tissue or articular cartilage
  • Serum uric acid levels are elevated
20
Q

Treatment of Gout

A

Goals of intervention

  • To end acute attacks and prevent recurrent attacks (NSAIDS, Cholchicine)
  • correct the hyperuricemia

Adequate fluid intake
Weight reduction
Dietary changes
Decrease alcohol (increases purine catabolism)
NSAIDS, corticosteroid injections, colchicine
Uric acid inhibitor

21
Q

Pseudogout

A

Is a joint disease that causes attacks of arthritis
Involves the formation of crystals in the joint - Salt - calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
Leads to joint swelling and pain in the knees, wrists, ankles, etc.
Mainly affects elderly
Younger patients with hemochromatosis, parathyroid or thyroid disease

22
Q

Diagnosis of Pseudogout

A

Joint fluid, WBC, Calcium crystals, Xray

23
Q

Treatment of Pseudogout

A

NSAIDS, steroids

Aspiration of fluids (suck the fluid out)

24
Q

Traumatic Arthritis

A

Caused from blunt, penetrating or repeated trauma

From inappropriate motion of joint

25
Q

Symptoms of Traumatic arthritis

A

Pain, swelling, tenderness, joint instability, bleeding

26
Q

Traumatic arthritis pathogenesis

A

Injury to a joint such as a bad sprain or fracture can cause damage to the articular cartilage

  • This damage does not appear until months later
  • Cartilage is replaced with scar tissue that can not support weight and is not as smooth

The injury could alter how the joint works
-This can increase force on the articular cartilage

27
Q

Loose bodies

A

Aka joint mice
Small pieces of bone or cartilage in the joint space (any joint, elbow)
Due to trauma, repetitive action, injury, wear and tear, aging, DJD, etc
May cause pain, clicking, sticking, locking, crepitus
Visible on x-ray

28
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Bleeding into joint spaces
Acute - trauma/surgery (ACL)
Chronic - inherited condition, infection
Can be complications of anticoagulant treatment -e.g. aspirin, warferin, coumadin

29
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Hemarthrosis

A

Marked inflammation, pain, swelling, redness, abnormal functioning
Blood damages cartilage and erodes subchondral bone

30
Q

Treatment of Hemarthrosis

A

Manage bleeding
Immobilization, analgesic, aspirate joint, monitor meds
Gradually return to ADL’s

31
Q

Infectious Arthritis

A

AKA septic arthritis,

Joint inflammation as a result of infection can be due to bacteria, fungus, virus)

32
Q

Common Bacterial pathogens

A

Staphylococcus aureus - the most common cause in adults
Haemophilus influenzae - the most common cause in children
Neisseria gonorrhoea - in sexually active young adults
Escherichia coli - in the elderly, IV drug user and the seriously ill
M. Tuberculosis - cause septic spinal arthritis (Pott’s disease)
Streptococcus
Gonococcus

33
Q

How does an infection get into the joint

A 
Septicema - blood borne
Direct infection - needle users
latrogenic - medical treatment
Catheters
Trauma
Immunocompromised patients
34
Q

Pathology of infectious arthritis

A

Bacteria adheres to synovium
-leads to scar tissue and synovium proliferation
-Hydolysis of proteoglycans and collagen (breaks down articular cartilage)
Cartilage and bone destruction occur
-takes a very short time for joint death and direct pressure necrosis

35
Q

Clinical manifestations of infectious arthritis

A

Acute onset of joint pain, swelling, tenderness, loss of motion
males = females
Fever, chills
Pus
Skin lesions
Polyarthralgia
Joints primarily affected - shoulders, knee, hips

36
Q

Diagnosis of Infectious arthritis

A

PE - Pain, swelling, redness in joint
History - Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)’s, IV drug use, Immuno Complex state, surgery, trauma
Blood test - increased WBC count, high RBC sedimantation rate
Fever
Aspirate and culture synovial fluid
X-ray

37
Q

Treatment of Infectious Arthritis

A

Medical emergency
Antibiotic via IV
Drain infected joint to decrease pain
Rest

38
Q

Prognosis of Infectious Arthritis

A

Acute nongonococcal bacterial arthritis can destroy articular cartilage, permanently damaging the joint within hours or days

39
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

Is an arthritis often associated with psoriasis of the skin
1 in 20 will develop arthritis with the skin condition
Idiopathic
Primarily affects distal joints of fingers and toes
When spine is affected (L/S and sacrum)
Stiffness burning pain

40
Q

Psoriatic arthritis diagnosis

A

PE, joint swelling skin soreness

41
Q

Psoriatic arthritis treatment

A 
NSAIDS
Antirheumatic drugs (Methotrexate)
Steroids
Surgery
RMT, PT, Chiro
42
Q

Charcots arthropathy

A
  • AKA Charcot joint, Charcot foot, neuropathic arthropathy
  • Progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint
  • Most commonly associated with diabetic neuropathy
  • Most commonly occurs in the foot
  • involves bone destruction and reabsorption leading to deformity, dislocation, ulcerations, bone fragments and an unstable joint
43
Q

Cause of Charcots Arthropathy

A

Any condition that decreases peripheral sensation, proprioception and fine motor control

DM neuropathy m/c

44
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Charcots arthropathy

A

swelling, warmth, redness, subluxation/dislocation, deformity, fractures, collapsed arch, calluses, foot ulcers, joint infections, hemarthrosis, septicemia

Most commonly foot deformity

  • 60% Tarsal metatarsal joint (more medial than lateral)
  • 30% Metatarsal pharyngeal joint
45
Q

Treatment of Charcots arthropathy

A 
proper footwear
Orthotics
Rest
Surgery
Antibiotics

Orthopedic Pathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions