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Orthopedic Pathology > Orthopedic Pathology 1 > Flashcards

Orthopedic Pathology 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Sprain

A

What: Overstretch injury to a ligament
Why: Trauma related sudden twist or wench of the joint beyond normal ROM
How they look: joint effusion (too much External intercellular fluid), hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints)
* Scar tissue in ligaments takes 6 weeks to develop and 6 months to mature and provide maximum strength to joint
S&S: pain, swelling, bruising, a “pop” when the injury occurs

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1
Q

Orthopedic Pathology

A

The Study of injuries to or conditions involving the musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

Grade I Sprain (mild)

A

overstretching or mild tearing of ligaments with no joint instability
minimal pain and no or slight swelling or bruising

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3
Q

Grade II Sprain (Moderate)

A

20-70% tearing of a ligament

Bruising, moderate pain and swelling. May have trouble bearing weight on the affected joint

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4
Q

Grade III (Severe)

A
  • 70%+ or complete tear or rupture of a ligament
  • Severe pain, swelling, etc
  • Unable to put any weight on the affected joint
  • Sometimes no pain with grade III, could be repaired better than overstretched, repeated grade II sprains
  • X-ray to role out fractured bone (avulsion)
  • Often requires immobilization and or surgery
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5
Q

Common location of sprain

Ankle

A 
Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, calcaneocuboid (Inversion sprain)
Deltoid ligament (Eversion sprain and they are strong that they could avulse the medial malleoli of tibia)
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6
Q

Common Location of Sprain

Knee

A

MCL, LCL, PCL, ACL

Valgus force affects Medial meniscus, ACL, and MCL (Unhappy triad of knee)

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7
Q

Common location of sprains

Wrist

A 
Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal radiocarpal
Ulnar collateral
Radial collateral
Intercarpal ligament
MOI-Forced hyperextention
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8
Q

Common location of sprains

Shoulder

A

Acromioclavicular ligament (carrying heavy backpack)
Conoid ligament
Trapezoid ligament

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9
Q

Strains

A

A twisting or pulling injury to musculotendinous unit
Can be classified as acute or chronic
Acute: Caused by a sudden overstretching of the muscle or an extreme contraction of the muscle against heavy resistance
Chronic: strains are usually the result of overuse

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10
Q

Common location

A

Hamstrings, quads, gastrocs, adductors, gracilis, rotator cuff, supraspinatus, pec major, biceps, lavator scapula, longus colli, scalenes, posterior cervicals, infrahyoid, suprahyoid

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11
Q

Grade I sprain (mild)

A
  • Only some muscles fibers have been damaged
  • Mild pain, swelling, localized tenderness and pain
  • usually heals in 2-3 weeks
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12
Q

Grade II Strain

A

Moderate pain that requires stopping activity, stress and palpation of the tissue greatly increases pain
usually heals in 3-6 weeks

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13
Q

Grade III severe strain

A

Complete rupture of the muscle
severe pain and disability
typically involves surgical repair of the muscle
Healing period can be up to 3 months

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14
Q

Contusion

A
  • A crush injury to a muscle, with resultant bleeding into the subcutaneous tissue and skin. There is bruising (ecchymosis) ranging from a local, minor discoloration to a large debilitating area. Can appear at a distant site tracking the fascial planes.
  • Any muscles/bones, most commonly quadricepts, dorsum of foot, anterior tibia, sacrum, iliac crest
  • 1st 24 hours critical, control bleeding and avoid alcohol, stretching, heat, massage as push blood towards center everything else pushing away - spreads infection.
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15
Q

Mild Contusion

A

Minor crush with minimal bleeding
Minimal or no loss of strength
Minimal loss of ROM
Can continue ADL’s with mild discomfort

16
Q

moderate contusion

A

moderate crushing of muscle with bleeding and swelling

Difficulty continuing ADLs

17
Q

Severe contusion

A

severe crushing of tissue,
with rapid bleeding and swelling
Significant pain and muscle weakness
unable to continue ADL’s

18
Q

Hematoma

A

Swelling due to blood
A local hemorrhage following a trauma
More rapid swelling than edema
Swelling and pain as it compresses nearby nerve fibers
pain increases with movement or if pressure applied to site

19
Q

Myositis ossificans

A

Occasional complication following a hematoma, contusion or fracture
Blood calcifies into bone
Fibroblasts replaced with osteoblasts
Takes approx 6 weeks to develop
some of the bone is slowly reabsorbed
May have attachment to an existing bone
Strength of muscle decrease
surgical excision if the calcification is not attached to bone and is only found in the muscle
not always done because any increase n trauma from surgery can cause more bone formation

20
Q

Intrinsic muscle spasm

A

The prolonged contraction of a muscle in response to the local circulatory and metabolic changes that occur where a muscle is in a continued state of contraction

21
Q

Muscle spasm causes

A

pain (guarding/splinting), circulatory stasis, chilling of muscle, impaired nutrition, infections, thrombi or emboli, metabolic disorders, blood vessel disorders, intermittent claudication, degenerative joint changes, medication

22
Q

Reflex muscle guarding

A

muscle spasm in response to pain, also can result from referred pain. It disappears when pain disappears

23
Q

Protective muscle spasm (splinting)

A

Reflexive reaction against injury

24
Q

Myopathy

A 
Myo=muscle
Pathy=disease
disease leading to muscular weakness
inflammatory myopaties (myositis), dystrophies, etc
25
Q

Myalagia

A

My=Muscle

Alagia=pain

26
Q

Myotonia

A

Slow relaxation of muscles after contraction or electrical stimulation due to neurological pathologies

27
Q

Disused Atrophy

A

decrease in size of body organ tissue or part because muscles not being used

28
Q

Denervation atrophy

A

atrophy caused by damaged nerve supply

29
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of the muscle, usually due to infection but can be due to autoimmune disorders

Orthopedic Pathology (6 decks)

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