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Finals Revision > Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the commonest benign bone tumour?

A

Osteochondroma

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2
Q

What benign bone tumour presents with intense pain worse at night relieved by NSAIDs?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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3
Q

What bengin bone tumour is asymptomatic but may weaken bone and cause fractures?

A

Enchondroma

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4
Q

Which tumour has a ‘soap bubble’ appearance?

A

Giant cell tumour

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5
Q

What is a Brodies Abscess?

A

Subacute osteomyelitis

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6
Q

What is the commonest malignant primary bone tumour?

A

Osteosarcoma

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7
Q

What malignant bone tumour gives ‘popcorn calcification’ on x-ray?

A

Chondrosarcoma

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8
Q

What bone malignant bone tumour is assosciated with fever, increased inflammatory markers and swelling?

A

Ewings Sarcoma

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9
Q

What is the commonest cause of malignant bone tumours?

A

Metastases

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10
Q

What cancers cause sclerotic bone tumour?

A

Prostate, breast, TCC, SCLC, lymphoma

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11
Q

What cancers cause lytic bone tumours?

A

Thyroid, RCC, NSCLC

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12
Q

What is impingement?

A

Tendons of the rotator cuff compressed in the subacromial space during movement producing pain

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

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14
Q

How are rotator cuff tears managed?

A

Physiotherapy, analgesia, surgery (controversial)

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15
Q

What is shoulder instability?

A

Common ‘party tricks’ associated with connective tissue disorders

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16
Q

What is adhesive capsulitis?

A

Frozen shoulder

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17
Q

How does adhesive capsulitis present?

A

Progressive pain and stiffness of shoulder with loss of external rotation

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18
Q

How is adhesive capsulitis managed?

A

Thaws out itself over time, can give steroids

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19
Q

What nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

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20
Q

What nerve is compressed in cubital tunnel?

A

Ulnar nerve

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21
Q

What is Golfers elbow?

A

Medial epicondylitis

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22
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

Lateral epicondylitis

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23
Q

What is dupytrens contracture?

A

Proliferative connective tissue disorder caused by type 3 collagen fibres

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24
Q

What patients get dupytrens contracture?

A

Alcoholics, diabetics, peyronies disease

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25
Q

How is dupytrens contracture treated?

A

Fasciotomy/fasiectomy

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26
Q

What is trigger finger?

A

Tendonitis of the flexor tendon to the digit

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27
Q

What pulley is generally affected in trigger finger?

A

A1 pulley

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28
Q

How is trigger finger treated?

A

IA steroids, division of A1 pulley

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29
Q

What is a ganglion cyst?

A

Mucinous filled cyst found adjacent to a tendon or synovium joint that transilluminates

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30
Q

How is a ganglion cyst treated?

A

Needle aspiration or surgical excision

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31
Q

What is trochanteric bursitis?

A

Self limiting inflammation of the bursa caused by overuse

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32
Q

How is trochanteric bursitis treated?

A

Rest, NSAIDs, physio

33
Q

Which meniscus is usually torn in meniscal tears?

A

Medial

34
Q

How do meniscal tears present?

A

Pain on joint line, catching locking sensation

35
Q

What mechanism of injury causes an ACL rupture?

A

Twisting movement on planted feet, often hear a pop

36
Q

How is an ACL rupture investigated?

A

MRI

37
Q

How is ACL rupture managed?

A

Reconstruction, rehab, 1 year out of sport

38
Q

What mechanism of injury causes a PCL rupture?

A

Head on blows to the shin of a straightened leg (dashboard injury)

39
Q

What ligament rupture does valgus pain indicate?

A

Medial CL tear

40
Q

What ligament tear does varus pain indicate?

A

Lateral CL tear

41
Q

What is a knee dislocation?

A

Rupture of all knee ligaments - orthopaedic emergency

42
Q

What causes patellar dislocation?

A

Direct blow or thrust

43
Q

What way does a patella usually dislocate?

A

Laterally

44
Q

What way to the majority of shoulder dislocate?

A

Anteriorly (95%)

45
Q

What signs are seen in shoulder dislocation?

A

Excessive external rotation

Loss of symmetry

46
Q

What nerves and vessels are at risk in a shoulder dislocation?

A

Axillary nerve

Axillary artery

47
Q

What nerves and vessels are at risk in a humeral shaft fracture?

A

Radial nerve

Brachial artery

48
Q

What is a nightstick fracture and what is it caused by?

A

Isolated ulnar fracture usually caused by a direct blow

49
Q

What is a Monteggia fracture?

A 
Ulnar fracture (distal)
Radial dislocation (proximal)
50
Q

What is a Galeazzi fracture?

A 
Radial fracture (proximal)
Ulnar dislocation (distal)
51
Q

What is a Colles fracture?

A

Fracture of distal radius with dorsal displacement

52
Q

‘Dinnerfork deformity’

A

Colles fracture

53
Q

How is a Colles fracture managed?

A

Plates, screws, manipulation, splintage

54
Q

What is a common complication of Colles fractures?

A

Carpal tunnel

55
Q

What is a Smiths fracture?

A

Distal radial fracture with volar displacement

56
Q

How is a Smiths fracture treated?

A

ORIF as unstable

57
Q

What is a Bartons fracture?

A

Intra-articular wrist fracture

58
Q

What x-rays are needed for a scaphoid fracture?

A

AP, lateral, oblique

59
Q

‘Pain in anatomical snuffbox’

A

Scaphoid fracture

60
Q

What is there a risk of with scaphoid fractures and why?

A

AVN as scaphoid has retrograde blood supply

61
Q

‘Externally rotated and shortened leg’

A

Hip fracture

62
Q

How do you manage an intracapsular hip fracture?

A

Hemi-arthroplasty or THR

63
Q

What vessel is at risk of damage with an intracapsular hip fracture?

A

Medial circumflex artery

64
Q

How do you manage an extracapsular hip fracture?

A

Dynamic hip screw

65
Q

How is a tibial shaft fracture managed?

A

IM nails with locking screws

66
Q

How is compartment syndrome managed?

A

Emergency fasciotomy

67
Q

How should non-displaced stable fractures be managed?

A

Plaster cast

68
Q

How should displaced stable fractures be managed?

A

Closed reduction and plaster cast

69
Q

What should be the initial management of hip and thigh injuries in A&E?

A

Thomas splint

70
Q

How do you manage femoral shaft fractures in children?

A

Traction

71
Q

What signs test for carpal tunnel?

A

Tinnels & Phalens

72
Q

What sign tests for cubital tunnel?

A

Froments

73
Q

What tool is used to assess fracture risk?

A

FRAX

74
Q

What nerve is commonly injured in posterior hip dislocations?

A

Sciatic

75
Q

What is an important differential to remember in backpain in IVDUs?

A

Psoas abscess

76
Q

What nerve causes footdrop?

A

Peroneal/fibular

77
Q

What is the commonest nerve damaged during knee arthroplasty?

A

Common peroneal

78
Q

‘Positive simmonds sign’

A

Achilles tendon rupture

79
Q

How is osteomyelitis imaged?

A

MRI

Finals Revision (22 decks)

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