ORTHO - SIR DG Flashcards
1
Q
how many types of muscles exist in the body?
A
3
2
Q
what are the three muscles exist in the body?
A
skeletal
cardiac
smooth/visceral
3
Q
voluntary and striated muscles
A
skeletal
4
Q
involuntary and striated muscles
A
cardiac muscle
5
Q
involuntary and non-striated muscles
A
smooth/visceral muscles
6
Q
these tie bones to muscles
A
tendons
7
Q
strong, dense, and flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting bones to another bone
A
ligaments
8
Q
function of bones that states the way we transfer from one place to another
A
locomotion
9
Q
function of bones that protects the vital organs of the body
A
protection
10
Q
what bone produces red and white blood cells as well as platelets
A
red bone marrow
11
Q
what minerals do the bones deposit?
A
phosphorus and calcium
12
Q
midline bones is also called as
A
axial skeletons
13
Q
bones on the side are also called
A
appendicular skeleton
14
Q
long shaft of bone
A
diaphysis
15
Q
proximal and distal ends of a long bone
A
epiphysis
16
Q
either end of diaphysis filled with trabecular bone
A
metaphysis
17
Q
cartilage separating metaphysis from epiphysis
A
epiphyseal plate
18
Q
this occurs at the epiphyseal or growth plate
A
longitudinal bone growth
19
Q
epiphyseal plate ossifies around what age?
A
18-25 yo
20
Q
if epiphyseal plate ossifies around 18-25, what happens?
A
longitudinal growth stops
21
Q
a law where is states that bone is laid down where needed and resorbed where not needed
A
wolff’s law
22
Q
part of the bone where two or more bones are connected
A
joints
23
Q
non-movable type of joint
A
synarthrodial joints
24
Q
type of joint that allows for limited movement
A
amphiarthrodial joints
25
freely movable joints hence can move in many forms
diarthrodial joints
26
most common dislocated joint in UExt
shoulder
27
most common dislocated joint in LExt
hip
28
example of ball and socket types of joint
arm, shoulder, hip
29
example of pivot type of joint
neck
30
example of saddle type of joint
thumb
31
example of ellipsoid type of joint
knuckles
32
example of hinge type of joint
knee
33
example of plane type of joint
plane
34
this acts like a cushion to the bone to prevent friction between bone to bone
cartilage
35
dense connective tissue that consists of fibers embedded in a strong gel-like substance
cartilages
36
sac containing fluid that are located around the joints to prevent friction
bursae
37
why do we use protractor in assessment of the musculo-skeletal system?
to assess the degree of ROM
38
normal ROM
0-160 degrees
39
involves aspiration of the marrow to diagnose diseases like leukemia, aplastic anemia
bone marrow aspiration
40
usual site for bone marrow aspiration
sternum and iliac crest
41
pre-test procedure for bone marrow aspiration
consent
42
intra-test procedure for bone marrow aspiration
needle puncture may be painful
43
post-test procedure for bone marrow aspiration
maintain pressure dressing
watch out for bleeding
44
laboratory procedure that allows direct visualization of the joint cavity
arthroscopy
45
pre-test procedure for arthroscopy
consent
explanation of procedure
NPO
46
intra-test procedure for arthroscopy
sedative
anesthesia
incision
47
post-test procedure for arthroscopy
dressing
early ambulation
48
how many days should you rest the joint after arthroscopy?
few days
49
how many days would you feel mild soreness after arthroscopy?
2 days
50
what can be applied to relieve discomfort after arthroscopy?
ice
51
how early is early ambulation after arthroscopy?
as soon as awake
52
laboratory procedure that uses a contrast radioactive material
bone scan
53
pre-test procedure for bone scan
painless procedure
IV radioisotope
no special preparation
54
which patients is contraindicated to undergo bone scan?
pregnant patients
55
intra-test procedure
IV injection
2 hours waiting
fluids allowed
56
position for bone scanning
supine
57
post-test procedure for bone scan
inc. OFI to flush radioactive material
58
laboratory procedure that assesses bone density to diagnose osteoporosis
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
59
what type of radiation is used in DXA to measure bone density
low dose radiation
60
what should be removed before undergoing DXA scan?
jewelries
61
a fall or blow breaks the capillaries but not the skin
contusions
62
how many days before a bruise can heal?
7-10 days
63
heat or cold: vasodilation
heat
64
heat or cold: vasoconstriction
cold
65
heat or cold: inc. capillary permeability
heat
66
heat or cold: inc. cellular metabolism
heat
67
heat or cold: relaxes muscles
heat
68
heat or cold: inc. inflammation; inc. blood flow to an area
heat
69
heat or cold: dec. pain by relaxing the muscles
heat
70
heat or cold: sedative effect
heat
71
heat or cold: reduces joint stiffness
heat
72
heat or cold: dec. capillary permeability
cold
73
heat or cold: dec. cellular metabolism
cold
74
heat or cold: relaxes muscles
cold
75
heat or cold: slows bacterial growth & dec. inflammation
cold
76
heat or cold: decrease pain by numbing the area, slowing flow of pain impulses, inc. pain threshold
cold
77
heat or cold: local anesthetic effect
cold
78
heat or cold: dec. bleeding
cold
79
injury to muscle
strain
80
management of first degree strain
PRICE
81
assessment of acute second degree strain
extreme muscle spasm
passive motion inc. pain
edema develops early; ecchymosis later
82
management of acute second degree strain
PRICE
muscle relaxants, analgesics, NSAIDS
physical therapy for strength and ROM
83
assessment of third degree strain
muscle spasm
joint tenderness
edema
client cannot move muscle voluntarily
delayed ecchymosis
84
management of acute third degree strain
PRICE
immobilize
medications
physical therapy
85
injury to ligaments
sprains
86
management for first degree sprain
PRICE
analgesics
isometric exercises
87
purpose of isometric exercises
inc. circulation and resolve hematome
88
minimal tearing of ligament fibers
localized edema or hematoma
no loss of function
no weakening of joint structure
mild discomfort at location of injury
pain increases with palpation
first degree sprain
89
half of ligamentous fibers are torn
inc. edema and possible hematoma
dec. ROM
inc. pain
mild weaking of the joint and loss of function
second degree sprain
90
management for second degree sprain
PRICE
elevate - dec. edema
alternate cold and heat
analgesics
physical therapy
91
purpose of physical therapy for second degree sprain
inc. circulation and maintain nutrition to the cartilage
92
complete rupture of the ligamentous attachment
severe edema with hematoma
severe pain
dramatic dec. in active ROM
loss of joint integrity and function
third degree sprain
93
management for third degree sprain
casting
surgery
94
type of fracture where bone fragments and soft tissue are pulled away from the bone
avulsion fracture
95
type of fracture where it results in two or more bone fragments
comminuted fracture
96
type of fracture often seen in the lumbar spine and may be pathological
compression fracture
97
type of fracture where cortex of the bone bends to one side and buckles on the other
greenstick fracture
98
type of fracture where direct force breaks bone and telescopes the fragment with the smaller diameter into the fragment with the larger diameter
impacted/telescoped fracture
99
type of fracture result from repetitive trauma to region
stress fracture
100
abnormal movement and pain can result to
this manifestation
loss of function
101
is a reaction of the body to immobilize the fractured bone
muscle spasm
102
continuous and increases in severity
pain
103
displacement, angulations or rotation of the fragments causes this
deformity
104
grating sensation produced when the bone fragments rub each other
crepitus
