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Biology 1202 > Origins of life > Flashcards

Origins of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three properties of life?

A
  • Organization - Response to stimuli
  • energy use - Homeostasis
  • reproduction - Growth and Development
  • Evolve
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2
Q

What is the smallest unit that has the properties of life?

A

The cell

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3
Q

When was the earth formed?

A

4.5 billion years ago

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4
Q

What was the reason for the appearance of oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What were the earliest organisms?

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Photosynthetic organisms

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7
Q

What’s the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are larger and more complex

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8
Q

Where the first plant, animal and fungi forms aquatic or land based?

A

Aquatic

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9
Q

Where the first terrestrial creates prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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10
Q

What are the four stages of chemical evolution?

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining of these molecules into polymers
  3. Origin of boundaries
  4. Lifelike properties
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11
Q

Protoboints precursors to ______ ?

A

Living cells

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12
Q

Do protoboints reproduce precisely?

A

No

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13
Q

How do cells store their genetic information?

A

In DNA

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14
Q

What does RNA do?

A

It acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA to control protein synthesis

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15
Q

RNA can also function as a(n) __________

A

Enzyme

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16
Q

What is genetic material?

A

Materials found in the nucleus

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17
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Fluid that fills the cell, consists of proteins, water and salt

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19
Q

Why are cells relatively small?

A

As size increases, volume increases more rapidly

means longer diffusion time

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20
Q

What is the cytoplasm surrounded by in a prokaryotic cell ?

A

Plasma membrane

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21
Q

Does a prokaryotic cell have distinct interior components?

A

No

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22
Q

List three traits of prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller and simpler then eukaryotes
mostly unicellular
Large variety of sized and shapes

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23
Q

What characterizes eukaryotic cells?

A

An endomembrane system and membrane-bound organelles

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24
Q

What are the organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A 
Central vacuole
Vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus
Chromosomes 
Cytoskeleton 
Cell walls
Nucleus
Nucleolus
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25
Q

What do all cells of most multicellular organisms contain that are the same?

A

DNA

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26
Q

What is a genome?

A

The sum total of all gene types

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27
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The sum total of all protein types

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28
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Storage for genetic material

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29
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis

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30
Q

What are nucleopores?

A

Transports nucleic acids and proteins in and out of the cell nucleus

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31
Q

DNA of eukaryotes is divided into _______

A

Linear chromosomes

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32
Q

What are chromosomes associated with?

A

Packaging proteins and histones (form nucleosomes)

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33
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits that attach to messenger RNA

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34
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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35
Q

What is the endomembrane cell?

A

It compartmentalizes cell into functional and structural components

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36
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Assembly of proteins (lots of ribosomes)

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37
Q

What is the function of the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Makes lipids (no ribosomes)

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38
Q

Whats the difference between free ribosomes and bound ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes: Suspended in the cytosol, Synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol

Bound ribosomes: Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize proteins that are either included within membranes or exported from the cell

39
Q

Does the endoplasmic reticulum account for half of the membranes material?

A

yes

40
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum include?

A

Tubules and ribosomes

41
Q

True or false:

The E.R. is continuous with the nuclear membrane

A

True

42
Q

What are three traits of the smooth E.R.?

A
  1. Rich in enzymes
  2. Important metabolic roles
  3. Synthesize lipids
43
Q

The smooth E.R. detoxifies ________

A

chemicals

44
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

A polypeptide to which an oligosaccharide is attached (many rough E.R. are glycoproteins)

45
Q

Where do secreted proteins, in a rough E.R., get packaged?

A

Transport vesicles

46
Q

Is the golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?

A

Yes

47
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Collects, packages and distributes molecules synthesized at one location and utilized at another location

48
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

A collection of membrane sacs from the E.R.

49
Q

What does the golgi modify?

A

Often glycosylations and non-cellulose polysaccharides

50
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They digest components

51
Q

What does the endomembrane system play a key role in?

A

The synthesis (and hydrolysis) of macromolecules in the cell

52
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Converts energy to forms useful for cells

53
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

Converts energy to forms useful for cells

54
Q

What’s the difference between chloroplasts and mitochondrias?

A

Mitochondria: Performs respiration and is found in animal and plant cells

Chloroplasts: Performes photosynthesis and is found in plant cells

55
Q

Chloroplasts synthesize __________

A

ATP

56
Q

Are the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in the cytoplasm?

A

Yes

57
Q

True or false?
The mitochondria has two membranes?
A smooth inner membrane and a highly folded membrane?

A

True

True

58
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

A fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane

59
Q

What does the inner membrane space of a mitochondria do?

A

This creates a fluid-filled space between the two membranes

60
Q

What are plastids?

A

A generalized class of plant structures

61
Q

What do amyloplasts do?

A

Store starch (plastids)

62
Q

What do chromoplasts do?

A

Store pigments (plastids)

63
Q

What do chloroplasts do and where can they be found?

A

Harness solar energy and turned it into sugar, leaves and other green structures of plants

64
Q

What is chlorophyll and what does it do?

A

A green pigment, it absorbs light energy

65
Q

Does the chloroplast have two membranes?

A

Yes

66
Q

What are the chloroplasts two membranes?

A

One surrounds the stroma and the other are in the stroma and are called thylakoids (look like pucks)

67
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A

DNA, ribosomes and photosynthetic enzymes

68
Q

What do thylakoids hold?

A

Chlorophyll

69
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

It explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes

70
Q

What extends throughout the cytoplasm?

A

A network of fibres

71
Q

What does the fibres in the cytoplasm do?

A

They organize the structure and activities of the cell

72
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?

A

A network of protein fibres that supports cell shape and anchors organelles

73
Q

What is surrounded by the tonoplast?

A

Central vacuole

74
Q

What are the three parts of the cell wall?

A

Primary walls, middle lamella and secondary walls

75
Q

Can a single organism be comprised of more than one cell?

What’s the benefit?

A

Yes

Division of labour

76
Q

Larger genomes have potentially ________ proteomes

A

Larger

77
Q

What can additional proteins be used for?

A

Cell communication, arrangement and attachment of cells, and cell specialization (tissues)

78
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

A network of material secreted from the cells to form a complex meshwork outside of cells
(secreted: produce and discharge)

79
Q

Is the extracellular matrix a major component of certain parts of plants and animals?

A

Yes
(Bone and cartilage of animals)
(Woody parts of plants)

80
Q

Structural proteins of the extracellular matrix are used in what?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons and skin

81
Q

Adhesive proteins in the extracellular matrix do what?

A

Helps cells adhere to the extracellular matrix

82
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

Adhere cells together as well as the extracellular matrix

83
Q

In plants is cellular organization different from animals?

A

Yes, because plants have a rigid cell wall

84
Q

Are anchoring junctions part of animal or plant cells?

A

Animal cells

85
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A

Attach cells together and to the extracellular matrix

86
Q

What three types of anchoring junctions are there?

A
  1. desmonosomes
  2. tight junctions
  3. gap junctions
87
Q

What do desmonosomes do?

A

Use large flat plates to hold the cell together

88
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Formes a tight seal between adjacent cells

89
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Small gap between plasma membranes of adjacent cells, allow passage of ions and small molecules

90
Q

What is the plant cell wall and what are it’s two components?

A

Protective layer outside the cytoplasm of plants

  1. Primary cell wall
  2. Secondary cell wall
91
Q

Does the cell wall act as a extracellular matrix in plants?

A

Yes

92
Q

What holds the primary cell walls of cells together?

A

The middle lamella (sticky sugars)

93
Q

Plasmodesmata are functionally similar to gap junctions
True or False?
What’s the difference between the two?

A

True

Plasmodesmata are bigger than gap junctions

Biology 1202 (11 decks)

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