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Gross Anatomy I > Origins, Insertions, Actions, and Innervations of the Lower Extremities > Flashcards

Origins, Insertions, Actions, and Innervations of the Lower Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles compose the anterior hip region?

A

Iliacus, Psoas Major, and Psoas Minor

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2
Q

What is the origin of the iliacus?

A
  • Iliac fossa

- Sacrum

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3
Q

What is the insertion of the iliacus?

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur

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4
Q

What is the action of the iliacus?

A
  • Flexion of the femur at the hip joint
  • Assists in flexion of the vertebral column
  • Helps maintain posture (integrity of the spine)
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5
Q

What is the nerve supply of the iliacus?

A

Femoral nerve

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6
Q

What is the origin of the psoas major?

A

Bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

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7
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas major?

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur

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8
Q

What is the action of the psoas major?

A
  • Flexion of the femur at the hip joint
  • Assists in flexion of the vertebral column
  • Helps maintain posture (integrity of the spine)
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9
Q

What is the nerve supply of the psoas major?

A

Femoral nerve

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10
Q

What is the origin of the psoas minor?

A

Bodies of the lumbar vertebrae

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11
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas minor?

A

Iliopubic eminence of the pubis

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12
Q

What is the action of the psoas minor?

A

Flexion at the pelvic bone (upward movement)

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13
Q

What is the nerve supply of the psoas minor?

A

L1 (sometimes L2)

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14
Q

What muscles compose the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis

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15
Q

What is the origin of the sartorius?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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16
Q

What is the insertion of the sartorius?

A

Superior medial shaft of the tibia

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17
Q

What is the action of the sartorius?

A
  • Abducts and laterally rotates the femur
  • Medially rotates the leg
  • Assists in flexion of the hip and knee when both are carried out
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18
Q

What is the nerve supply of the sartorius?

A

Femoral nerve

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19
Q

What is the origin of the rectus femoris?

A
  • Anterior inferior iliac spine

- Acetabulum of the pelvic bone

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20
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus femoris?

A

Base of the patella

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21
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris?

A
  • Extends the leg and knee
  • Flexion at the hip
  • Tonus of muscles play a role in strengthening the knee
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22
Q

What is the nerve supply of the rectus femoris?

A

Femoral nerve

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23
Q

What is the origin of the vastus lateralis?

A
  • Greater trochanter of the femur

- Linea aspera of the femur

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24
Q

What is the insertion of the vastus lateralis?

A

Base of the patella

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25
Q

What is the action of the vastus lateralis?

A
  • Extends the leg at the knee

- Tonus of muscles play a role in strengthening the knee

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26
Q

What is the nerve supply of the vastus lateralis?

A

Femoral nerve

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27
Q

What is the origin of the vastus medialis?

A

Linea aspera of the femur

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28
Q

What is the insertion of the vastus medialis?

A

Base of the patella

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29
Q

What is the action of the vastus medialis?

A
  • Extends the leg at the knee

- Tonus of muscles play a role in strengthening the knee

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30
Q

What is the nerve supply of the vastus medialis?

A

Femoral nerve

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31
Q

What is the origin of the vastus intermedius?

A
  • Antero-lateral aspect of the femur

- Linea aspera of the femur

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32
Q

What is the insertion of the vastus intermedius?

A

Base of the patella

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33
Q

What is the action of the vastus intermedius?

A
  • Extends the leg at the knee

- Tonus of muscles play a role in strengthening the knee

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34
Q

What is the nerve supply of the vastus intermedius?

A

Femoral nerve

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35
Q

What muscles compose the medial thigh muscles?

A

Gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, addutor brevis, and adductor magnus

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36
Q

What is the origin of the gracilis?

A
  • Ramus of the ischium

- Inferior ramus of the pubis

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37
Q

What is the insertion of the gracilis?

A

Superior medial shaft of the tibia

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38
Q

What is the action of the gracilis?

A
  • Flexion of the leg

- Adducts the femur

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39
Q

What is the nerve supply of the gracilis?

A

Obturator nerve

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40
Q

What is the origin of the pectineus?

A

Superior rami (pubis pectin) of the pubis

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41
Q

What is the insertion of the pectineus?

A

Pectineal line of the femur

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42
Q

What is the action of the pectineus?

A
  • Adducts the femur

- Flexion of the femur at the hip

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43
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pectineus?

A

Femoral and obturator nerves

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44
Q

What is the origin of the adductor longus?

A

Superior ramus of the pubis

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45
Q

What is the insertion of the adductor longus?

A

Linea aspera of the femur

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46
Q

What is the action of the adductor longus?

A

Adducts the femur

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47
Q

What is the nerve supply of the adductor longus?

A

Obturator nerve

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48
Q

What is the origin of the adductor brevis?

A

Inferior ramus of the pubis

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49
Q

What is the insertion of the adductor brevis?

A
  • Pectineal line of the femur

- Linea aspera of the femur

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50
Q

What is the action of the adductor brevis?

A

Adducts the femur

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51
Q

What is the nerve supply of the adductor brevis?

A

Obturator nerve

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52
Q

What is the origin of the adductor magnus?

A

Rami of the ischium and pubis

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53
Q

What is the insertion of the adductor magnus?

A
  • Linea aspera of the femur

- Adductor tubercle of the femur

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54
Q

What is the action of the adductor magnus?

A
  • Adducts the femur

- Extends the femur at the hip

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55
Q

What is the nerve supply of the adductor magnus?

A

Obturator and sciatic nerves

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56
Q

What muscles compose the posterior hip (gluteal) region?

A

Tensor fasica lata, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, obturator externus, and quadratus femoris

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57
Q

What is the origin of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Crest of the ilium

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58
Q

What is the insertion of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Iliotibial tract

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59
Q

What is the action of the tensor fascia lata?

A
  • Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates the femur

- Helps stabilize the femur

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60
Q

What is the nerve supply of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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61
Q

What is the origin of the gluteus maximus?

A
  • Posterior gluteal line of the ilium
  • Sacrum and coccyx
  • Posterior ligaments of the SI joint
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62
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?

A
  • Gluteal tuberosity of the femur

- Iliotibial tract

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63
Q

What is the action of the gluteus maximus?

A
  • Extends and laterally rotates the femur (for strength when going from sitting to standing)
  • Stabilizes the knee
  • Helps stabilize the pelvic bone
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64
Q

What is the nerve supply of the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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65
Q

What is the origin of the gluteus medius?

A

External surface of the ilium (between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines)

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66
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus medius?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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67
Q

What is the action of the gluteus medius?

A
  • Abducts the femur
  • Medially rotates the femur
  • Helps steady the pelvic bone when the opposite foot is raised off the ground (Trendelenburg test)
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68
Q

What is the nerve supply of the gluteus medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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69
Q

What is the origin of the gluteus minimus?

A

External surface of the ilium (between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines)

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70
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus minimus?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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71
Q

What is the action of the gluteus minimus?

A
  • Abducts the femur
  • Medially rotates the femur
  • Helps steady the pelvic bone when the opposite foot is raised off the ground (Trendelenburg test)
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72
Q

What is the nerve supply of the gluteus minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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73
Q

What is the origin of the piriformis?

A

Anterior surface of the sacrum

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74
Q

What is the insertion of the piriformis?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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75
Q

What is the action of the piriformis?

A

Laterally rotates the femur

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76
Q

What is the nerve supply of the piriformis?

A

S1, S2

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77
Q

What is the origin of the superior gemellus?

A

Spine of the ischium

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78
Q

What is the insertion of the superior gemellus?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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79
Q

What is the action of the superior gemellus?

A

Laterally rotates the femur

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80
Q

What is the nerve supply of the superior gemelleus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

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81
Q

What is the origin of the obturator internus?

A

Internal surface of the obturator membrane

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82
Q

What is the insertion of the obturator internus?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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83
Q

What is the action of the obturator internus?

A

Laterally rotates the femur

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84
Q

What is the nerve supply of the obturator internus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

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85
Q

What is the origin of the inferior gemellus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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86
Q

What is the insertion of the inferior gemellus?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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87
Q

What is the action of the inferior gemellus?

A

Laterally rotates the femur

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88
Q

What is the nerve supply of the inferior gemellus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

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89
Q

What is the origin of the obturator externus?

A

External surface of the obturator membrane

90
Q

What is the insertion of the obturator externus?

A

Trochanteric fossa of the femur

91
Q

What is the action of the obturator externus?

A

Laterally rotates the femur

92
Q

What is the nerve supply of the obturator externus?

A

Obturator nerve

93
Q

What is the origin of the quadratus femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity

94
Q

What is the insertion of the quadratus femoris?

A

Quadrate tubercle of the femur

95
Q

What is the action of the quadratus femoris?

A

Laterally rotates the femur

96
Q

What is the nerve supply of the quadratus femoris?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

97
Q

What muscles compose the posterior thigh?

A

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris

98
Q

What is the origin of the semitendinosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

99
Q

What is the insertion of the semitendinosus?

A
  • Medial condyle of the tibia

- Proximal posterior shaft of the tibia

100
Q

What is the action of the semitendinosus?

A
  • Flexion of the leg at the knee
  • Stabilizes the hip
  • Extends the femur
  • Medially rotates the leg
101
Q

What is the nerve supply of the semitendinosus?

A

Sciatic nerve

102
Q

What is the origin of the semimembranosus?

A

Ischial tuberosity

103
Q

What is the insertion of the semimembranosus?

A

Medial condyle of the tibia

104
Q

What is the action of the semimembranosus?

A
  • Flexion of the leg at the knee
  • Stabilizes the hip
  • Extends the femur
  • Medially rotates the leg
105
Q

What is the nerve supply of the semimembranosus?

A

Sciatic nerve

106
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity

107
Q

What is the insertion of the long head of the biceps femoris?

A
  • Head of the fibula

- Lateral condyle of the tibia

108
Q

What is the action of the long head of the biceps femoris?

A
  • Flexion of the leg at the knee
  • Stabilizes the hip
  • Extends the femur
  • Laterally rotates the leg
109
Q

What is the nerve supply of the biceps femoris?

A

Sciatic nerve

110
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

Linea aspera of the femur

111
Q

What is the insertion of the short head of the biceps femoris?

A
  • Head of the fibula

- Lateral condyle of the tibia

112
Q

What is the action of the short head of the biceps femoris?

A
  • Flexion of the leg at the knee joint

- Laterally rotates the leg

113
Q

What is the nerve supply of the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

Sciatic nerve

114
Q

What muscles compose the anterior leg?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, extensor hallucis longus

115
Q

What is the origin of the tibialis anterior?

A
  • Shaft of the tibia

- Interosseus membrane

116
Q

What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior?

A
  • 1st metatarsal

- Medial cuneiform

117
Q

What is the action of the tibialis anterior?

A
  • Inverts and dorsally flexes the foot

- Supports the medial longitudinal arch

118
Q

What is the nerve supply of the tibialis anterior?

A

Deep fibular nerve

119
Q

What is the origin of the extensor digitorum longus?

A
  • Lateral condyle of the tibia
  • Shaft of the fibula
  • Interosseus membrane
120
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

Distal phalanges of digits 2-5

121
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus?

A
  • Extends digits 2-5

- Dorsally flexes the foot

122
Q

What is the nerve supply of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

Deep fibular nerve

123
Q

What is the origin of the fibularis tertius?

A

Shaft of the fibula

124
Q

What is the insertion of the fibularis tertius?

A

5th metatarsal

125
Q

What is the action of the fibularis tertius?

A

Everts and dorsally flexes the foot

126
Q

What is the nerve supply of the fibularis tertius?

A

Deep fibular nerve

127
Q

What is the origin of the extensor hallucis longus?

A
  • Shaft of the fibula

- Interosseus membrane

128
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Distal phalanx of digit 1

129
Q

What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus?

A
  • Extends digit 1

- Dorsally flexes the foot

130
Q

What is the nerve supply of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Deep fibular nerve

131
Q

What muscles compose the lateral leg?

A

Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

132
Q

What is the origin of the fibularis longus?

A

Shaft and head of the fibula

133
Q

What is the insertion of the fibularis longus?

A
  • 1st metatarsal

- Medial cuneiform

134
Q

What is the action of the fibularis longus?

A
  • Everts and plantar flexes the foot

- Supports the lateral and transverse arches

135
Q

What is the nerve supply of the fibularis longus?

A

Superificial fibular nerve

136
Q

What is the origin of the fibularis brevis?

A

Shaft of the fibula

137
Q

What is the insertion of the fibularis brevis?

A

5th metatarsal

138
Q

What is the action of the fibularis brevis?

A
  • Everts and plantar flexes the foot

- Supports the lateral arch

139
Q

What is the nerve supply of the fibularis brevis?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

140
Q

What muscles compose the superficial posterior leg?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

141
Q

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

A

Lateral and medial epicondyle of the femur

142
Q

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

A

Tuberosity of the calcaneus

143
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius?

A
  • Inverts and plantar flexes the foot

- Stabilizes the ankle

144
Q

What is the nerve supply of the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

145
Q

What is the origin of the soleus?

A
  • Soleal line of the tibia

- Shaft and head of the fibula

146
Q

What is the insertion of the soleus?

A

Tuberosity of the calcaneus

147
Q

What is the action of the soleus?

A
  • Inverts and plantar flexes the foot

- Stabilizes the ankle

148
Q

What is the nerve supply of the soleus?

A

Tibial nerve

149
Q

What is the origin of the plantaris?

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur

150
Q

What is the insertion of the plantaris?

A

Tuberosity of the calcaneus

151
Q

What is the action of the plantaris?

A

Inverts and plantar flexes the foot

152
Q

What is the nerve supply of the plantaris?

A

Tibial nerve

153
Q

What muscles compose the deep posterior leg?

A

Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

154
Q

What is the origin of the popliteus?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the femur

155
Q

What is the insertion of the popliteus?

A

Shaft of the tibia

156
Q

What is the action of the popliteus?

A
  • Medially rotates the tibia (to unlock knee and allow flexion of the leg)
  • Stabilizes the knee (prevents hyperextension)
157
Q

What is the nerve supply of the popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve

158
Q

What is the origin of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Shaft of the tibia

159
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Distal phalanges of digits 2-5

160
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?

A
  • Flexes digits 2-5
  • Plantar flexes the foot
  • Supports the medial and lateral arches
161
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Tibial nerve

162
Q

What is the origin of the flexor hallucis longus?

A
  • Interosseus membrane

- Shaft of the fibula

163
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Distal phalanx of digit 1

164
Q

What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus?

A
  • Flexes digit 1
  • Inverts and plantar flexes the foot
  • Supports the medial arch
165
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Tibial nerve

166
Q

What is the origin of the tibialis posterior?

A
  • Interosseus membrane

- Shaft of the fibula and tibia

167
Q

What is the insertion of the tibialis posterior?

A
  • Navicular
  • Cuneiform
  • Cuboid
  • Metatarsals 2-4
168
Q

What is the action of the tibialis posterior?

A
  • Inverts and plantar flexes the foot

- Supports the medial arch

169
Q

What is the nerve supply of the tibialis posterior?

A

Tibial nerve

170
Q

What muscles compose the dorsal foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis

171
Q

What is the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Calcaneus

172
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Tendons of extensor digitorum longus of digits 2-4

173
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Extends digits 2-4

174
Q

What is the nerve supply of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep fibular nerve

175
Q

What is the origin of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Calcaneus

176
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Proximal phalanx digit 1

177
Q

What is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Extends digit 1

178
Q

What is the nerve supply of extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Deep fibular nerve

179
Q

What muscles compose the first layer of the plantar foot?

A

Abductor digiti quinti, abductor hallucis, and flexor digitorum brevis

180
Q

What is the origin of the abductor digiti quinti?

A

Calcaneus

181
Q

What is the insertion of the abductor digiti quinti?

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 5

182
Q

What is the action of the abductor digiti quinti?

A
  • Abducts digit 5

- Supports the lateral arch

183
Q

What is the nerve supply of the abductor digiti quinti?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

184
Q

What is the origin of the abductor hallucis?

A

Calcaneus

185
Q

What is the insertion of the abductor hallucis?

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 1

186
Q

What is the action of the abductor hallucis?

A
  • Abducts digit 1

- Supports the medial arch

187
Q

What is the nerve supply of the abductor hallucis

A

Medial plantar nerve

188
Q

What is the origin of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Calcaneus

189
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Middle phalanges of digits 2-5

190
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A
  • Flexes digits 2-5

- Supports the medial and lateral arches

191
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Medial plantar nerve

192
Q

What muscles compose the second layer of the plantar foot?

A

Lumbricals and quadratus plantae

193
Q

What is the origin of the lumbricals?

A

Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus

194
Q

What is the insertion of the lumbricals?

A
  • Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus

- Proximal phalanx of digits 2-5

195
Q

What is the action of the lumbricals?

A
  • Flexes the MP joints of digits 2-5

- Extends the IP joints of digits 2-5

196
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lumbricals?

A
  • 1st lumbrical: Medial plantar nerve

- 2nd-4th lumbricals: Lateral plantar nerve

197
Q

What is the origin of the quadratus plantae?

A

Calcaneus

198
Q

What is the insertion of the quadratus plantae?

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

199
Q

What is the action of the quadratus plantae?

A

Assists in flexion of digits 2-5

200
Q

What is the nerve supply of the quadratus plantae?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

201
Q

What muscles compose the third layer of the plantar foot?

A

Adductor hallucis, flexor digiti quinti brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis

202
Q

What is the origin of the adductor hallucis?

A
  • Oblique head: metatarsals 2-4 and tendon of the fibularis longus
  • Transverse head: lateral 4 MP joints
203
Q

What is the insertion of the adductor hallucis?

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 1

204
Q

What is the action of the adductor hallucis?

A
  • Adducts digit 1
  • Flexes digit 1
  • Supports the transverse arch
205
Q

What is the nerve supply of the adductor hallucis?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

206
Q

What is the origin of the flexor digiti quinti brevis?

A
  • Cuboid
  • 5th metatarsal
  • Tendon of fibularis longus
207
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor digiti quinti brevis?

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 5

208
Q

What is the action of the flexor digiti quinti brevis?

A

Flexes digit 5

209
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor digiti quinti brevis?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

210
Q

What is the origin of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A
  • Cuboid

- Cuneiform

211
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 1

212
Q

What is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A
  • Flexes digit 1

- Supports the medial arch

213
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Medial plantar nerve

214
Q

What muscles compose the fourth layer of the plantar foot?

A

Dorsal interosseus and Plantar interosseus

215
Q

What is the origin of the dorsal interosseus?

A

Metatarsal bones

216
Q

What is the insertion of the dorsal interosseus?

A

Proximal phalanx of digits 2-4

217
Q

What is the action of the dorsal interosseus?

A
  • Flexes their respective digits

- Abducts digits 2-4

218
Q

What is the nerve supply of the dorsal interosseus?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

219
Q

What is the origin of the plantar interosseus?

A

Metatarsals 3-5

220
Q

What is the insertion of the plantar interosseus?

A

Proximal phalanx of digits 3-5

221
Q

What is the action of the plantar interosseus?

A
  • Flexes their respective digits

- Adducts digits 3-5

222
Q

What is the nerve supply of the plantar interosseus?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

Gross Anatomy I (5 decks)

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