Exam III Flashcards
What are the primary functions of the lower extremity?
Support the body, provide a stable foundation when standing, and allow locomotion
In general, how are the bones, joints, muscles, and blood vessels of the lower extremity different from the upper extremity?
Bones are heavier and stronger
Joints are stronger and more stable
Muscles are more powerful and less capable of delicate movements
Blood vessels are larger
The pelvic bone consists of a single bone on each side, known as what?
Innominate bone
What three parts does each innominate bone consist of?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
This structure is a large depression on the lateral aspect of each innominate and it receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
Acetabulum
This is the horseshoe shaped articular surface of the acetabulum.
Lunar surface
Is the rough non-articular center portion of the acetabulum
Acetabular fossa
This structure is the outside edge of the acetabulum and is bridged by the transverse acetabular ligament.
Acetabular notch
This is the largest and uppermost portion of the innominate bone.
Ilium
This is the “L” shaped bone of the innominate, which consists of a body and a ramus.
Ischium
This bone of the innominate consists of a body and two rami and articulates with the pubis from the opposite innominate.
Pubis
This is a large oval opening found at the inferior aspect of each innominate and is closed by a piece of connective tissue known as the obturator membrane.
Obturator foramen
The ___ pelvis is bounded by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the ilium and anteriorly by the abdominal wall; it helps to support and protect much of the abdominal viscera
False or major pelvis
The ___ pelvis is bounded posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx, laterally and anteriorly by the ilium, ischium, and pubis; this portion of the pelvis surrounds the birth canal in females.
True or minor pelvis
What are the functions of the pelvic bone?
- Protects the pelvic viscera
- Transmits body weight to the limbs and absorbs the stresses of muscular activity
- Allows locomotion by causing the pelvic bone to swing from side to side
- In the female, provides bony support for the birth canal
This is the term used to describe differences in bone structure and physical characteristics between males and females.
Sexual dimorphism
In terms of general structure how does the male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: thicker; prominent processes; longer
Female: thinner; processes not so prominent; shorter
In terms of pelvic inlet and outlet how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Inlet-heart shaped; Outlet- Narrower
Female: Inlet-round or oval; Outlet-farther apart
In terms of anterior iliac spine, how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Closer together
Female: Farther apart
In terms of greater sciatic notch, how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Narrower
Female: Wider
In terms of obturator formaen, how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Round
Female: Triangular
In terms of acetabulum, how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Face laterally
Female: Face more anteriorly
In terms of symphysis pubis, how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Longer
Female: Shorter
In terms of pelvic arch, how does a male pelvis differ from a female’s?
Male: Acute angle
Female: Obtuse angle
What is the name for a typical male pelvis?
Android pelvis
What is the name for a typical female pelvis?
Gynecoid pelvis
`What is the name for an exaggerated male pelvis?
Anthropoid pelvis
What is the name for an exaggerated female pelvis?
Platypelloid pelvis
A fracture of this bone can result from direct trauma or during a fall on the feet or knees. This fracture has a high morbidity and mortality rate due to hemorrhagic shock and subsequent organ damage.
Fracture of the pelvis
Most common fracture sites include: pubic rami, acetabulum, region of the sacroiliac joint and the most lateral aspect of the ilium
This is a common painful contusion injury of the soft tissue associated with the iliac crest. They are common in contact sports and usually result in a painful hematoma in the area of the injury.
Hip Pointers
This bone has three primary centers of ossification, five secondary centers of ossification, and it completes its ossification between 20-22 years of age
Pelvic bone
This is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body. It has one primary center of ossification, four secondary centers, and completes ossification by 15 years in females and 17.5 years in males.
Femur
The way the neck of the femur meets the shaft of the bone creates an angle known as what?
Angle of inclination
What is a typical angle of inclination at birth? Adulthood?
About 145 degrees at birth and 125 degrees as an adult
What is the function of the angle of inclination?
It allows greater mobility at the hip joint by increasing the leverage of the muscles that attach to the proximal part of the femur
This condition is characterized by an increase in the angle of inclination, which can occur with developmental dysplasia of the hip.
Coxa valga
This condition is characterized by a decrease in the angle of inclination, which occurs in fractures of the proximal part of the femur and in the condition known as rickets. Causes a mild shortening of the affected limbs.
Coxa vara
This is a fracture through the neck of the femur and what we commonly call a “broken hip”
Subcapital fracture of the femur
This condition is often caused by a subcapital fracture of the femur interrupting the blood supply to the femoral head, leading to degeneration of the head.
Avascular necrosis
This is a large triangular shaped sesamoid bone that develops within the common tendon of insertion of the quadriceps. It has a single ossification center that completes ossification by 10 years in females and 13 in males.
Patella
What is the main function of the patella?
To provide additional leverage to the quadriceps during the last part of extension of the leg.
Fractures due to ____ trauma usually result in a patella that is broken into a number of small fragments that are not displaced.
Direct
Fractures due to ____ trauma are usually the result of the quadriceps muscles contracting suddenly and causing a transverse fracture through the body of the patella. These fractures can be displaced or non-displaced.
Indirect
Severe pain, swelling and tenderness, and inability to carry out extension at the knee joint are common symptoms of what clinical condition?
Fracture of the patella
This condition is characterized by a patella in which the superior lateral portion of the bone remains unossified.
Patella emarginata
This condition is characterized by the superior lateral portion of the patella ossifying independently. This is clinically significant in being able to distinguish this condition from a fracture of the patella.
Bipartite or tripartite patella
This is a condition in which there is a softening and fissuring of the articular cartilage on the posterior aspect of the patella. It is usually caused by trauma, overuse or muscle weakness, which causes misalignment of the patella. Is usually accompanied by a dull pain around or under the patella that worsens with exercise or going from a position of flexion to extension at the knee joint
Chondromalacia
This is the connective tissue investment (deep fascia) of the thigh region. It provides a dense sheath for the thigh and prevents the quadriceps from bulging outward during contraction.
Fascia lata
This is the thickened lateral aspect of the fascia lata, which received insertions from teh tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus muscles.
Iliotibial tract
This is an opening found in the proximal anterior aspect of the fascia lata that allows the great saphenous vein to reach its termination at the femoral vein.
Saphenous opening
This is an overuse syndrome, which occurs at the distal end of the iliotibial band where it repetitively rubs over the lateral condyle of the femur, thus irritating and inflaming the bursae. It is often an overuse of the gluteus maximus pulling on the iliotibial tract, which causes this.
Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)
What movements of the femur can be carried out at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation.
What muscles compose the anterior hip region?
Iliacus, psoas major, and psoas minor
What is the origin of the iliacus?
Iliac fossa and sacrum
What is the insertion of the iliiacus?
Lesser trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the iliacus?
- Flexion of the femur at the hip joint
- Flexion of the vertebral column
- Helps maintain posture (integrity of the vertebral column)
What is the nerve supply of the iliacus?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, and L4)
What is the origin of the psoas major?
Bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
What is the insertion of the psoas major?
Lesser trochanter of the femur
What are the actions of the psoas major?
- Flexion of the femur at the hip joint
- Flexion of the vertebral column
- Helps maintain posture (integrity of the vertebral column)
What is the nerve supply of the psoas major?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Weakness of what muscles will result in a marked disability in carrying out such activities as stair climbing, walking up inclines, and getting up from reclined positions.
Psoas major and iliacus
Since the bulk of these muscles are found within the abdominal cavity, many of the organs of the abdomen are superficial to them (kidneys, parts of the lower intestinal tract, pancreas, appendix) and several of the vertebral joints and the sacroiliac joint are found deep to them; any disease or inflammation of these structures may result in pain when the muscles are contracting. What muscles are being described?
Psoas major and iliacus
What is the origin of the psoas minor?
Bodies of the lumbar vertebrae
What is the insertion of the psoas minor?
Iliopubic eminence of the pubis
What the action of the psoas minor?
Flexion of the pelvic bone (upward movement)
What is the nerve supply of the psoas minor?
L1 (sometimes L2)
What muscles compose the anterior thigh muscles?
Sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
What is the origin of the sartorius?
Anterior superior iliac spine
What is the insertion of the sartorius?
Superior medial shaft of the tibia
What is the action of the sartorius?
- Flexion at the hip joint and knee joint (functions when both are carried out at the same time)
- Abducts and laterally rotates the femur
- Medially rotates the leg
What is the nerve supply of the sartorius?
Femoral (L2, L3, L4)
What muscles compose the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
What is the insertion for the quadriceps femoris?
Base of the patella
What is the nerve supply of the quadriceps femoris?
Femoral (L2, L3, L4)
What is the origin of the rectus femoris?
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Acetabulum of the pelvic bone
What is the origin of the vastus lateralis?
Greater trochanter and linea aspera of the femur
What is the origin of the vastus medialis?
Linea aspera of the femur
What is the origin of the vastus intermedius?
Anterior-lateral aspect and linea aspera of the femur
What are the actions of the quadriceps femoris?
- All muscles: extend the leg at the knee joint, tonus of the muscle plays a role in strengthening the knee joint
- The rectus femoris is also involved with:flexion of the femur at the hip joint
- When the articularis genu is present it is involved with: retraction of the synovial membrane of the knee joint to help stabilize the knee
Occasionally a distinct bundle of muscle fibers separates from the deepest layers of the vastus intermedius, which attaches to the synovial membrane of the knee joint. It is known as what?
Articularis genu
An individual with atrophy of these muscles will have difficulty extending their leg against resistance and will usually press on the distal end of the femur during walking to prevent flexion from occurring at the knee joint.
Quadriceps
This muscle is tested with the patient lying down sitting with their legs flexed at the knee joint, the patient is then asked to extend their knee against resistance.
Quadriceps
This is a term used to indicate a cramping or spasm of the quadriceps. It is also used to indicate trauma to the muscles, which can cause tearing of muscle fibers and lead to the formation of a painful hematoma and bruising.
Charley horse
This condition is a painful overuse injury of the common tendon of insertion of the quadriceps and/or the patellar ligament. It is common in individuals who participate in activities where there is continuous jumping or running. Individuals will complain of pain and soreness in the area of the common tendon or patellar ligament and this pain is intensified with activity.
Jumper’s knee (Patellar tendonitis)
The patellar reflex is carried out by tapping the patellar ligament and is used to test for the segmental innervation of what?
L2, L3, and L4
What muscles compose the medial thigh?
Gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus
What is the common action of the medial thigh muscles?
Adduction of the femur
What is the common nerve supply of the medial thigh muscles?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
What is the origin of gracilis?
Ramus of the ischium and inferior ramus of the pubis
What is the insertion of gracilis?
Superior medial shaft of the tibia
What is the action of gracilis?
Flexion of the leg and adduction of the femur
What is the nerve supply of gracilis?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Due to the fact that this muscle is a relatively weak adductor, it can be removed without noticeable loss of action and surgeons can transplant it to replace a damaged muscle, typically in the hand.
Gracilis
What is the origin of the pectineus?
Superior ramus (pubic pecten) of the pubis
What is the insertion of the pectineus?
Pectineal line of the femur
What is the action of the pectineus?
Adduction of the femur and flexion at the hip joint
What is the nerve supply of the pectineus?
Femoral (L2, L3, L4) and obturator (L2, L3, L4)
What is the origin of the adductor longus?
Superior ramus of the pubis
What is the insertion of the adductor longus?
Linea aspera of the femur
What is the action of the adductor longus?
Adduction of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the adductor longus?
Obturator (L2, L3, L4)
What is the origin of the adductor brevis?
Inferior ramus of the pubis
What is the insertion of the adductor brevis?
Pectineal line and linea aspera of the femur
What is the action of the adductor brevis?
Adduction of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the adductor brevis?
Obturator (L2, L3, L4)
What is the origin of the adductor magnus?
Ramis of the ischium and pubis
What is the insertion of the adductor magnus?
Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of the femur
What is the action of the adductor magnus?
Adduction of the femur and extends the femur at the hip joint
What is the nerve supply of the adductor magnus?
Obturator (L2, L3, L4) and sciatic (L4-S3)
The tendon of insertion for the adductor magnus has a slit like opening, which leads into the popliteal fossa. This opening is where the femoral vessels become the popliteal vessels. What is it called?
Hiatus tendinous (adductor hiatus)
This is a condition in which there is a stretching of the origin of an adductor muscle beyond their tensile strength.
Pulled groin (adductor strain). A strain of the iliopsoas is also classified as a pulled groin
What muscles compose the posterior hip?
Tensor fascia lata, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, pirifomis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, obturator externus, and quadratus femoris
What is the origin of the tensor fascia lata?
Crest of the ilium
What is the insertion of the tensor fascia lata?
Iliotibial tract
What is the action of the tensor fascia lata?
Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates the femur. Also helps to stabilize the knee joint
What is the nerve supply of the tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
This is the largest muscle by weight in the human body and is associated with the assumption of the erect posture and bipedal locomotion.
Gluteus maximus
This bursa separates the superior part of the gluteus maximus from the greater trochanter
Trochanteric bursa
This bursa separates the inferior part of the gluteus maximus from the iscial tuberosity
Ischial bursa
The trochanteric and ischial bursae collectively are known as the what?
Gluteal bursae
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus?
Posterior gluteal line of the ilium, sacrum and coccyx, and posterior ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?
Gluteal tuberosity of the femur and the iliotibial tract
What is the action of the gluteus maximus?
Extends and laterally rotates the femur, helps stabilize the pelvic bone, and stabilizes the knee joint
What is the nerve supply of the gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal (L5, S1, S2)
Weakness of this muscle will cause patients to have difficulty getting from a sitting position to a standing position.
Gluteus maximus
What is the origin of the gluteus medius?
External surface of the ilium
What is the insertion of the gluteus medius?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the gluteus medius?
Abducts the femur, medially rotates the femur, and helps keep the pelvic bone steady when the foot on the opposite side is raised off the ground.
What is the nerve supply of the gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
What is the origin of the gluteus minimus?
External surface of the ilium
What is the insertion of the gluteus minimus?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the gluteus minimus?
Abducts the femur, medially rotates the femur, and helps keep the pelvic bone steady when the foot on the opposite side is raised off the ground.
What is the nerve supply of the gluteus minimus?
Superior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
This is a simple test which is used if one suspects atrophy and weakness of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles. When the muscles are weak the pelvis will drop on the unaffected side when the foot is raised off of the ground.
Trendelenburg test
This condition is a type of abnormal locomotion due to atrophy and weakness of the gluteus medius and minimus. With this type of locomotion, there is displacement of the body (falling of the pelvis) on the unaffected side.
Gluteal/Trendelenburg gait
Weakness of these two muscles cause postural deviations, which result in the vertebral column deviating toward the side where the pelvis is low, giving rise to a “C” curve in the column
Gluteus medius and minimus
What is the origin of the pirifomis?
Anterior surface of the sacrum (within the pelvic cavity)
What is the insertion of the piriformis?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the piriformis?
Lateral rotation of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the pirifomis?
S1 and S2
This condition is a common cause of pain in the gluteal region due to compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle. This is common in sports which require extensive lateral rotation of the femur.
Pirifomis muscle syndrome or sciatica
What is the origin of the superior gemellus?
Spine of the ischium
What is the insertion of the superior gemellus?
Greater trochanter
What is the action of the superior gemellus?
Lateral rotation of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the superior gemellus?
L4, L5, S1, S2
What is the origin of the obturator internus?
Internal surface of the obturator membrane
What is the insertion of the obturator internus?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the obturator internus?
Lateral rotation of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the obturator internus?
L4, L5, S1, S2
What is the origin of the inferior gemellus?
Tuberosity of the ischium
What is the insertion of the inferior gemellus?
Greater trochanter of the femur
What is the action of the inferior gemellus?
Lateral rotation of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the inferior gemellus?
L4, L5, S1, S2
What is the origin of the obturator externus?
External surface of the obturator membrane
What is the insertion of the obturator externus?
Trochanteric fossa of the femur
What is the action of the obturator externus?
Lateral rotation of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the obturator externus?
Obturator (L2, L3, L4)
What is the origin of the quadratus femoris?
Tuberosity of the ischium
What is the insertion of the quadratus femoris?
Quadrate tubercle of the femur
What is the action of the quadrate femoris?
Lateral rotation of the femur
What is the nerve supply of the quadrate femoris?
L4, L5, S1, S2
This movement of the femur is important in the control of the body’s balance and posture.
Lateral rotation
What is the origin of the semitendinosus, semimebranosus, biceps femoris?
Iscial tuberosity
What is the insertion of the semitendinosus?
Medial condyle and proximal posterior shaft of the tibia
What is the insertion of the semimembranosus?
Medial condyle of the tibia
What is the insertion of the biceps femoris?
Head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia.
What is the action of the hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris)?
- All muscles carry out flexion of the leg at the knee joint.
- All except the short head of the biceps femoris stabilize the hip joint and extend the femur
- Semitendinosus and semimembranosus also medially rotate the leg
- Biceps femoris laterally rotates the leg
What is the nerve supply of the hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris)?
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
What is the name given to the tendons of insertion of the semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius?
Pes Anserinus
This type of injury is twice as common as strains of the quadriceps, it is seen in athletes who run very hard and have quick starts, and can be accompanied by painful hemorrhaging. Contributing factors include: running style, over developed quadriceps, and inadequate warm ups.
Pulled hamstring
What kind of injury can result from forcible flexion of the hip when the knee is extended?
Avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity
The lumbar plexus is formed from what?
The ventral rami of L1-L4
What is the segmental innervation of the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1, sometimes T12
What is the motor supply of the iliohypogastric nerve?
Internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles
What is the cutaneous supply of the iliohypogastaric nerve?
Proximal lateral aspect of the buttocks
What is the segmental innervation of the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
What is the cutaneous supply of the ilioinguinal nerve?
Proximal medial aspect of the thigh
What is the segmental innervation of the lateral (femoral) cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
L2 and L3
What is the cutaneous supply of the lateral (femoral) cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Lateral aspect of the thigh (both anterior and posterior)
This condition is a compression neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve as it leaves the pelvic cavity beneath the inguinal ligament. It can sometimes be confused with certain hip disorders.
Meralgia Parethesia (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment)
What is the segmental innervation of the genitofemoral nerve?
L1 and L2
What is the motor supply of the genitofemoral nerve?
Cremaster muscle, which is found within the spermatic cord.
What is the cutaneous supply of the genitofemoral nerve?
Genitalia and a small area below the inguinal ligament
What is the segmental innervation of the femoral nerve?
L2, L3, and L4
What is the motor supply of the femoral nerve?
Iliacus, psoas major, sartorius, quadriceps, and pectineus muscles
What is the cutaneous supply of the femoral nerve?
Medial and intermediate aspect of the anterior thigh and the medial aspect of the leg and foot. This specific branch is known as the saphenous nerve
What is the articular supply of the femoral nerve?
Hip and knee joints
Damage to the femoral nerve may have what effects on motor function?
- Leg cannot be extended (quadriceps)
- Flexion at the hip is diminished (iliopsoas)
Damage to the femoral nerve may have what effects on sensory function?
Parasthesia in the medial and intermediate anterior aspect of the thigh and medial aspect of the leg and foot
Compression of what nerve may occur within the adductor canal or where is exits the fascia to supply the medial leg?
Saphenous nerve
What is the segmental innervation of the obturator nerve?
L2, L3, and L4
What is the motor supply of the obturator nerve?
Pectineus, adductor magnus, adductor longus and brevis, gracilis, and obturator externus
What is the cutaneous supply of the obturator nerve?
Skin on the medial aspect of the thigh
What is the articular supply of the obturator nerve?
Hip and knee joints
What is the segmental innervation of the accessory obturator nerve?
L3 and L4
What does the the accessory obturator nerve supply when present?
Pectineus muscle and hip joint
What spinal nerves supply the sacral plexus?
L4 and L5 (lumbosacral trunk), and S1, S2, S3, and S4
Where does the sacral plexus primarily lie?
It largely lies on the piriformis
What is the segmental innervation of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?
S1, S2, and S3
What is the cutaneous supply of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?
Distal part of the buttocks, posterior thigh and popliteal fossa
What is the segmental innervation of the superior gluteal nerve?
L4, L5, and S1
What is the motor supply of the superior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata muscles
What is the segmental innervation of the inferior gluteal nerve?
L5, S1, and S2
What is the motor supply of the inferior gluteal muscle?
Gluteus maximus
What is the segmental innervation of the pudendal nerve?
S2, S3, and S4
The pudendal nerve is the main sensory nerve to what?
External genitalia
What is the segmental innervation of the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
What is the motor supply of the sciatic nerve?
Adductor magnus, semitendiosus, semimembranous, and biceps femoris
What two parts does the sciatic nerve consist of?
Tibial nerve (anterior division) and the common fibular nerve (posterior division), which consists of the deep and superficial fibular nerves)
What does the tibial nerve supply?
The muscles and most of the skin of the posterior leg and plantar surface of the foot
What does the common fibular nerve supply?
The muscles and skin of the anterior leg, lateral leg, and dorsum of the foot
Damage to what nerve can result in the atrophy of hamstring muscles, weak flexion of the leg, and foot drop? Additionally, loss of sensation below the knee except for an area along the medial side of the leg and foot can occur.
Sciatic nerve
This is the condition caused by a compression, inflammation, and/or subluxation of L4-S3. Pain is usually experienced in the gluteal region, posterior thigh, and leg.
Sciatica
What is the dermatome level of the proximal anterior thigh?
L1
What is the dermatome level of the middle anterior thigh?
L2
What is the dermatome level of the distal anterior thigh; posterior medial leg?
L3
What is the dermatome level of the distal lateral thigh; medial leg and foot; digit one?
L4
What is the dermatome level of the lateral leg; digits two, three, and four?
L5
What is the dermatome level of the posterior lateral thigh and leg; lateral aspect of the foot; digit five?
S1
What is the dermatome level of the medial posterior thigh and leg?
S2
What is the dermatome level of the perineum?
S3
What are the most important superficial cutaneous veins of the lower extremity?
Greater and lesser saphenous veins
The greater and lesser saphenous veins arises from what structure?
Dorsal venous arch of the foot
The great saphenous vein will pass through the saphenous opening of the fascia lata where is receives which three tributaries before terminating at the femoral vein?
Superficial circumflex iliac vein, superficial epigastric vein, and superficial or external pudendal
Where does the lesser saphenous vein normally terminate?
At the popliteal vein in the poplitieal fossa. The mode of termination is variable however.
This is a condition in which the veins become enlarged, twisted, and painful due to poorly functioning valves.
Varicose veins
This surgery is the most common in America.
Coronary bypass
What vessel is typically used for a coronary bypass? Why?
Great saphenous vein because it is readily accessible, has sufficient length, and contains a higher percentage of muscular and elastic fibers than do other superficial veins.
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
- Superior: inguinal ligament
- Lateral: sartorius
- Medial: adductor longus
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve, femoral sheath (femoral artery and vein), and inguinal lymph nodes
What are the three compartments and contents of the femoral sheath?
- Lateral compartment: femoral artery
- Intermediate compartment: femoral vein
- Medial compartment: femoral canal (lymph node)
This type of condition is characterized by a protrusion of abdominal viscera through the femoral ring into the femoral canal.
Femoral hernia
This is the main arterial supply of the lower extremity and is a continuation of the external iliac artery.
Femoral artery
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Superficial branches (superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric, and superficial (external) pudendal), femoral profundus, lateral and medial circumflex, perforating arteries, and descending genicular artery
This structure is a long narrow passageway found along the medial aspect of the thigh. It provides an important passageway for nerves and blood vessels, including the femoral artery, femoral vein, and saphenous nerve.
Adductor canal (Hunter’s canal)
These arteries are branches of the internal iliac artery and leave the pelvic cavity via the greater sciatic notch.
Superior gluteal and inferior gluteal arteries
The gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and minimus, and tensor fascia lata receive their blood supply from what artery?
Superior gluteal artery
The gluteus maximus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, and posterior thigh muscles receive their blood supply from what artery?
Inferior gluteal artery
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
- Lateral: biceps femoris adn the lateral head of the gastrocnemius
- Medial: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the medial head of the gastrocnemius
- Roof: deep fascia and skin
- Floor: popliteal surface of the femur, posterior extrinsic ligaments of the knee joint and the popliteus muscle
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery and vein, lesser saphenous vein, common fibular nerve, tibial nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, and popliteal lymph nodes
This is the deepest neurovascular structure of the popliteal fossa and is the distal continuation of the femoral artery.
Popliteal artery
This structure is formed by the genicular branches of the popliteal artery and functions to provide collateral circulation to the leg during full flexion at the knee joint.
Genicular anastomosis
The bifurcation of the popliteal artery may become the site of an ____ ____, which would result in the loss of blood to the leg and foot.
Arterial embolism
