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BIO 223 First Half > Origin of Species > Flashcards

Origin of Species Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • is the broad pattern of evolution above the species level
  • is changes over time in allele frequencies in a population
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2
Q

What is an example of macroevolution?

A

the origin of eyes capable of producing a focused image in both invertebrates and vertebrates

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3
Q

What are examples of microevolution?

A
  • the spread of antibiotic resistance within a population of bacteria
  • decrease in the prevalence of the sickle-cell allele in populations outside the range of mosquitoes that transmit malaria
  • selection against a form of albinism caused by a genetic change at a single locus
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4
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

holds that populations belong to the same species if they can contribute genes to a common gene pool

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5
Q

What do reproductive barriers do?

A

they block gene flow between different species

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6
Q

What is the criteria for the biological species concept?

A
  • ability to create viable
  • fertile offspring
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7
Q

What is an advantage of biological species concept?

A
  • objective criteria
  • meshes well with gene flow concept
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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of biological species concept?

A

not applicable to extinct or asexual species

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9
Q

What is the criteria for morphological species concept?

A

similarities in body structure

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10
Q

What is an advantage of morphological species concept?

A
  • easy to apply
  • works for asexual and extinct species
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11
Q

What is a disadvantage to morphological species concept?

A

researchers may disagree on which structures are important

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12
Q

What is the criteria for phylogenetic species concept?

A

common evolutionary history

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13
Q

What is an advantage to phylogenetic species concept?

A
  • based on actual relationships
  • works for asexual and extinct species
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14
Q

What is a disadvantage to phylogenetic species concept?

A

requires good evolutionary histories

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15
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

differences in mating rituals or displays

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16
Q

Is behavioral isolation pre-zygotic or pos-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

pre-zygotic

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17
Q

What is an example of behavioral isolation?

A

different bird species display feathers of different colors during mating display

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18
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

differences in the timing of mating

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19
Q

Is temporal isolation a pre-zygotic or post-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

pre-zygotic

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20
Q

What is an example of temporal isolation?

A

one plant species flowers before dawn while a related species flowers in the late afternoon

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21
Q

Habitat Isolation (reproductive barrier)

A

difference in habitat occupied

22
Q

Is habitat isolation a pre-zygotic or post-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

pre-zygotic

23
Q

What is an example of habitat isolation?

A

different ticks live on different host species

24
Q

Mechanical Isolation (reproductive barrier)

A

reproductive structure incompatibility

25
Q

Is mechanical isolation a pre-zygotic or post-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

pre-zygotic

26
Q

What is an example of mechanical isolation?

A

differently shaped snail shells prevent alignment of genital openings

27
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

sperm and egg are incompatible

28
Q

Is gametic isolation pre-zygotic or post-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

pre-zygotic

29
Q

What is an example of gametic isolation?

A

different coral species release gametes into the water (but only gametes of conspecifics can fuse)

30
Q

Reduced Hybrid Viability (reproductive barrier)

A

hybrid offspring are produced but are feeble or unable to compete for mates

31
Q

Is reduced hybrid viability pre-zygotic or post-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

pos-zygotic

32
Q

What is an example of reduced hybrid viability?

A

two species of fish successfully interbreed but their offspring don’t live to maturity

33
Q

Reduced Hybrid Fertility (reproductive barrier)

A

hybrid offspring are produced but are sterile

34
Q

Is reduced hybrid fertility pre-zygotic or post-zygotic reproductive barrier?

A

post-zygotic

35
Q

What is an example of reduced hybrid fertility?

A

horses can be mated with zebras (but their offspring are sterile)

36
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • is a random change in allele frequencies over time
  • is due to chance events that alter allele frequencies
37
Q

Why are large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?

A
  • genetic drift occurred in the two populations
  • natural selection favored individuals that were more fit in the new environment
  • the separation of habitats reduced gene flow between the populations
38
Q

Reinforcement (disruptive selection)

A
  • is a type of natural selection
  • which favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes
39
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A
  • occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another
40
Q

How long does it take new species to form on Earth?

A

the time required varies considerably

41
Q

Natural Selection Effects

A
  • consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment
  • a result of differential success in reproduction
  • cannot cause a harmful allele to become more common
42
Q

Genetic Drift Effects

A
  • can result from the founder effect
  • can result from the bottleneck effect
  • causes allele frequencies to fluctuate randomly
43
Q

Gene Flow Effects

A
  • can introduce new alleles into a population’s gene pool
  • a result of the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
44
Q

Disruptive Selection

A
  • eliminated phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes
  • resulting in increased genetic variation in a population
45
Q

What is the result of heterozygote advantage?

A

more genetic variation in the population

46
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • drives the average of the population in one direction
  • when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other
47
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • causes no change in the average of the population
  • extreme phenotypes become less common
48
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

a structure or function that is advantageous in a particular environment

49
Q

What is an example of an adaptation?

A

ground-trunk anoles have evolved long legs that enable them to dart down from a tree trunk and catch prey on the ground with minimum vulnerability to predators

50
Q

Define a species

A

is a group of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring together

BIO 223 First Half (8 decks)

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