Orientation responses in animals Flashcards
What is the difference between orientation responses in plants and in animals?
Tropisms (plants) are growth responses
Taxis (animals) are movement responses
What is orthokinesis?
The change in speed of an animals movement.
What is kilnokinesis?
The change in turning rate of an organism.
What is the definition of a taxis response?
A taxis response is a directional response involving the movement of an animal either towards or away from the directional external stimulus.
What is homing?
homing the an animal finding its way home over unfamiliar areas, often after migrating.
How do animals find their way home?
They rely on their environment using landmarks, magnetic compasses, the sun and also patterns of stars.
What is the definition of migration?
Migration is the routine movement to a favourable location and is often triggered by external cues.
What are possible reasons an animal might decide to migrate?
Move to a more favourable location in terms of habitat, climate and food availability.
What is an adaptive advantageous?
An adaption which increases the chances of survival
What is an Effector?
An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus
What is innate behaviour?
Any genetically determined behaviour? (Unlearned)
What is Kinesis?
An undirected (random) movement of an organism or its parts in response to an external stimulus.
What is learned behaviour?
Behaviour based on experience or passed on by an individual to another by imitation
What is a sensory receptor?
Any part of an organism which is capable of detecting a stimulus and sending signals to other parts of the organism.
Why do organisms need to respond to their environment?
To find more favourable environments, reduce competition, avoid predation, and find compatible mates for reproduction.
What is an Innate behaviour?
Genetically programed behaviour inherited from parents.
How to identify if an animal is showing Innate behaviour?
It is present in the animal when isolated from other organisms, it is stereotypical aka it is performed the same way each time by each individual, it is inflexible aka not generally modified by development or experience.
What is Learned Behaviour?
Behaviour as a result of experience.
How to identify if an animal is showing learned behaviour?
It is absent in animals raised in isolation to others, it is capable of modification to suit changing environments, it is progressive (Subject to improvement)
What is the prefix for light stimuli?
Photo-
What is the prefix for temperature stimuli?
Thermo-
What is the Prefix for Gravity stimuli?
Gravi- OR Geo-
What is the prefix for a chemical stimuli?
Chemo-
What is the prefix for a Touch Stimuli?
Thigmo-
What is the prefix for Water Stimuli?
Hydro-
What is the prefix for Current Stimuli?
Rheo-
What is the prefix for Food Stimuli?
Tropho-
What is the Mechanoreceptor?
The response to mechanical stress or strain such as those found in the hair cells of the cochlea.
What is the Thermoreceptor?
The response to temperature, either hot or cold or both. The skin in most animals contain these receptors.
What is the Photoreceptor?
The response to changes in light. Examples include those found in the retina.
What are chemoreceptors?
Receptors which detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment. such as those found in the nose and the tongue.
What are magnetoreceptors?
Receptors which allow organisms to sense direction, altitude, or location by detecting a magnetic field.
What is the difference between a receptor and an effector?
A receptor detects change and sends signals to the CNS, the effector then accepts these signals from the CNS and forms a response to the change.
If a insect is attracted to pheromones secreted by another organism what would the taxes be called?
Positive chemotaxis
What is the difference between orthokinesis and klinokinesis?
Orthokinesis is the change in the rate of movement and klinokinesis is the change in the rate of turning or changing direction.
What are the common methods of navigation?
Solar navigation (sun compass), Stellar navigation (star compass), Earths magnetic field (Magnetic compass) and Topographical memory (Visual cues, landmarks, seas, rivers, mountains ect), smells, and sounds.
What is migration?
The regular mass movement of organisms of the same species. This may be a cyclical event (migrants go back home) Or a one-way movement (die at end of migration)
How do organisms know when to migrate?
External cues: (Photoperiod, shifting seasons, food and water availability)
Internal cues: (circadian rhythms, fat reserves, sexual maturity)
