Orientation responses in animals

Question 1

What is the difference between orientation responses in plants and in animals?

Answer 1

Tropisms (plants) are growth responses

Taxis (animals) are movement responses

Question 2

What is orthokinesis?

Answer 2

The change in speed of an animals movement.

Question 3

What is kilnokinesis?

Answer 3

The change in turning rate of an organism.

Question 4

What is the definition of a taxis response?

Answer 4

A taxis response is a directional response involving the movement of an animal either towards or away from the directional external stimulus.

Question 5

What is homing?

Answer 5

homing the an animal finding its way home over unfamiliar areas, often after migrating.

Question 6

How do animals find their way home?

Answer 6

They rely on their environment using landmarks, magnetic compasses, the sun and also patterns of stars.

Question 7

What is the definition of migration?

Answer 7

Migration is the routine movement to a favourable location and is often triggered by external cues.

Question 8

What are possible reasons an animal might decide to migrate?

Answer 8

Move to a more favourable location in terms of habitat, climate and food availability.

Question 9

What is an adaptive advantageous?

Answer 9

An adaption which increases the chances of survival

Question 10

What is an Effector?

Answer 10

An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

Question 11

What is innate behaviour?

Answer 11

Any genetically determined behaviour? (Unlearned)

Question 12

What is Kinesis?

Answer 12

An undirected (random) movement of an organism or its parts in response to an external stimulus.

Question 13

What is learned behaviour?

Answer 13

Behaviour based on experience or passed on by an individual to another by imitation

Question 14

What is a sensory receptor?

Answer 14

Any part of an organism which is capable of detecting a stimulus and sending signals to other parts of the organism.

Question 15

Why do organisms need to respond to their environment?

Answer 15

To find more favourable environments, reduce competition, avoid predation, and find compatible mates for reproduction.

Question 16

What is an Innate behaviour?

Answer 16

Genetically programed behaviour inherited from parents.

Question 17

How to identify if an animal is showing Innate behaviour?

Answer 17

It is present in the animal when isolated from other organisms, it is stereotypical aka it is performed the same way each time by each individual, it is inflexible aka not generally modified by development or experience.

Question 18

What is Learned Behaviour?

Answer 18

Behaviour as a result of experience.

Question 19

How to identify if an animal is showing learned behaviour?

Answer 19

It is absent in animals raised in isolation to others, it is capable of modification to suit changing environments, it is progressive (Subject to improvement)

Question 20

What is the prefix for light stimuli?

Answer 20

Photo-

Question 21

What is the prefix for temperature stimuli?

Answer 21

Thermo-

Question 22

What is the Prefix for Gravity stimuli?

Answer 22

Gravi- OR Geo-

Question 23

What is the prefix for a chemical stimuli?

Answer 23

Chemo-

Question 24

What is the prefix for a Touch Stimuli?

Answer 24

Thigmo-

Question 25

What is the prefix for Water Stimuli?

Answer 25

Hydro-

Question 26

What is the prefix for Current Stimuli?

Answer 26

Rheo-

Question 27

What is the prefix for Food Stimuli?

Answer 27

Tropho-

Question 28

What is the Mechanoreceptor?

Answer 28

The response to mechanical stress or strain such as those found in the hair cells of the cochlea.

Question 29

What is the Thermoreceptor?

Answer 29

The response to temperature, either hot or cold or both. The skin in most animals contain these receptors.

Question 30

What is the Photoreceptor?

Answer 30

The response to changes in light. Examples include those found in the retina.

Question 31

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 31

Receptors which detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment. such as those found in the nose and the tongue.

Question 32

What are magnetoreceptors?

Answer 32

Receptors which allow organisms to sense direction, altitude, or location by detecting a magnetic field.

Question 33

What is the difference between a receptor and an effector?

Answer 33

A receptor detects change and sends signals to the CNS, the effector then accepts these signals from the CNS and forms a response to the change.

Question 34

If a insect is attracted to pheromones secreted by another organism what would the taxes be called?

Answer 34

Positive chemotaxis

Question 35

What is the difference between orthokinesis and klinokinesis?

Answer 35

Orthokinesis is the change in the rate of movement and klinokinesis is the change in the rate of turning or changing direction.

Question 36

What are the common methods of navigation?

Answer 36

Solar navigation (sun compass), Stellar navigation (star compass), Earths magnetic field (Magnetic compass) and Topographical memory (Visual cues, landmarks, seas, rivers, mountains ect), smells, and sounds.

Question 37

What is migration?

Answer 37

The regular mass movement of organisms of the same species. This may be a cyclical event (migrants go back home) Or a one-way movement (die at end of migration)

Question 38

How do organisms know when to migrate?

Answer 38

External cues: (Photoperiod, shifting seasons, food and water availability)

Internal cues: (circadian rhythms, fat reserves, sexual maturity)