Orientation of the Human Body/Language of Anatomy

Question 1

Integumentary System Functions

Answer 1

• protection
• body temperature
• eliminates some wastes
• makes vitamin D
• sensors for touch, pain, warmth, & cold

Question 2

Skeletal System Functions

Answer 2

• support and protection
• surface area for muscular attachment & associated body movement
• houses cells which produce red blood cells
• storage for minerals and lipids

Question 3

Muscular System Functions

Answer 3

• body movement
• produces heat
• maintains posture

Question 4

Nervous System Functions

Answer 4

• detects, interprets, and responds to change in internal and external movements
• regulates body activities
• generates action potentials ( nerve impulses )

Question 5

Endocrine System Functions

Answer 5

• regulates body activities through the release of hormones ( ex. growth, development, and metabolism )

Question 6

Cardiovascular System Functions

Answer 6

• heart and blood vessels work together to transport blood ( delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries away CO2 & other waste products )
• helps to regulate acid-base balance, temperature, & water content

Question 7

Lymphatic System Functions

Answer 7

• returns proteins and fluids to blood
• carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
• site of production of B and T cells

Question 8

Respiratory System Functions

Answer 8

• overseas gas exchanges between the blood and external environment ( carries oxygen from inhalation into the bloodstream & carries CO2 out of the bloodstream via exhalation )
• helps to regulate acid-base balance
• production of sound

Question 9

Digestive System Functions

Answer 9

• physical and chemical breakdown of food
• absorbs nutrients
• eliminates wastes

Question 10

Urinary System Functions

Answer 10

• produces, stores, & eliminates urine
• regulates volume & chemical composition of blood
• regulates water & ion balance
• helps regulate production of red blood cells

Question 11

Reproductive System Functions

Answer 11

• both male & female sex hormones & gametes for the production of offspring
• female reproductive system provides support for the developing fetus
• mammary glands produce milk for postpartum

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

Question 13

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 13

response reduces or shuts off original stimulus ( ex. regulation of body temperature & regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 14

Positive Feedback loops

Answer 14

enhances stimulus ( ex. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin & platelet plug formation and blood clotting )

Question 15

Superior

Answer 15

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above ( ex. the head is superior to abdomen )

Question 16

Inferior

Answer 16

away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure or the body; below

Question 17

Anterior

Answer 17

toward or at the front of the body; in front of ( ex. the breastbone is anterior to the spine )

Question 18

Posterior

Answer 18

toward or at the back of the body; behind

Question 19

Medial

Answer 19

toward or at the midline of the body

Question 20

Lateral

Answer 20

away from midline of the body

Question 21

Intermediate

Answer 21

between a more medial & a more lateral structure ( ex. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone & shoulder )

Question 22

Proximal

Answer 22

closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ( ex. the elbow is proximal to the wrist )

Question 23

Distal

Answer 23

farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ( ex. the knee is distal to the thigh )

Question 24

Superficial

Answer 24

toward or at he body surface ( ex. the skin is superficial to skeletal muscles )

Question 25

Deep

Answer 25

away from the body surface; more internal ( ex. the lungs are deep to the skin )

Question 26

Dorsal Body Cavity

Answer 26

• protects fragile nervous system
• cranial cavity: encases brain
• vertebral cavity: encases spinal cord

Question 27

Ventral Body Cavity

Answer 27

• houses the internal organs
• thoracic cavity: pleural cavities
• abdominopelvic cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, urinary bladder, reproductive organs & rectum

Question 28

Example from Test: The upper arm is what to the forearm?

Answer 28

Proximal

Question 29

Example from Test: The nose is what to the left eye?

Answer 29

Medial

Question 30

Example from Test: The stomach is what to the spine?

Answer 30

Anterior

Question 31

Example from Test: True or False; Positive Feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Example from Test: Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process?

Answer 32

To maintain homeostasis

Question 33

Example from Test: Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains?

Answer 33

A relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Question 34

Example from Test: Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because?

Answer 34

Positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or “ ideal “ level