Orientation of the Human Body/Language of Anatomy Flashcards
Integumentary System Functions
- protection
- body temperature
- eliminates some wastes
- makes vitamin D
- sensors for touch, pain, warmth, & cold
Skeletal System Functions
- support and protection
- surface area for muscular attachment & associated body movement
- houses cells which produce red blood cells
- storage for minerals and lipids
Muscular System Functions
- body movement
- produces heat
- maintains posture
Nervous System Functions
- detects, interprets, and responds to change in internal and external movements
- regulates body activities
- generates action potentials ( nerve impulses )
Endocrine System Functions
- regulates body activities through the release of hormones ( ex. growth, development, and metabolism )
Cardiovascular System Functions
- heart and blood vessels work together to transport blood ( delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries away CO2 & other waste products )
- helps to regulate acid-base balance, temperature, & water content
Lymphatic System Functions
- returns proteins and fluids to blood
- carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
- site of production of B and T cells
Respiratory System Functions
- overseas gas exchanges between the blood and external environment ( carries oxygen from inhalation into the bloodstream & carries CO2 out of the bloodstream via exhalation )
- helps to regulate acid-base balance
- production of sound
Digestive System Functions
- physical and chemical breakdown of food
- absorbs nutrients
- eliminates wastes
Urinary System Functions
- produces, stores, & eliminates urine
- regulates volume & chemical composition of blood
- regulates water & ion balance
- helps regulate production of red blood cells
Reproductive System Functions
- both male & female sex hormones & gametes for the production of offspring
- female reproductive system provides support for the developing fetus
- mammary glands produce milk for postpartum
Homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
Negative Feedback Loops
response reduces or shuts off original stimulus ( ex. regulation of body temperature & regulation of blood glucose by insulin
Positive Feedback loops
enhances stimulus ( ex. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin & platelet plug formation and blood clotting )
Superior
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above ( ex. the head is superior to abdomen )
Inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure or the body; below
Anterior
toward or at the front of the body; in front of ( ex. the breastbone is anterior to the spine )
Posterior
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral
away from midline of the body
Intermediate
between a more medial & a more lateral structure ( ex. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone & shoulder )
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ( ex. the elbow is proximal to the wrist )
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk ( ex. the knee is distal to the thigh )
Superficial
toward or at he body surface ( ex. the skin is superficial to skeletal muscles )
Deep
away from the body surface; more internal ( ex. the lungs are deep to the skin )
Dorsal Body Cavity
- protects fragile nervous system
- cranial cavity: encases brain
- vertebral cavity: encases spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity
- houses the internal organs
- thoracic cavity: pleural cavities
- abdominopelvic cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, urinary bladder, reproductive organs & rectum
Example from Test: The upper arm is what to the forearm?
Proximal
Example from Test: The nose is what to the left eye?
Medial
Example from Test: The stomach is what to the spine?
Anterior
Example from Test: True or False; Positive Feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated?
True
Example from Test: Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process?
To maintain homeostasis
Example from Test: Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains?
A relatively stable internal environment, within limits
Example from Test: Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because?
Positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or “ ideal “ level
