Bone/Skeletal Tissue & Joints

Question 1

Difference between the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 1

Axial Skeleton: long axis of body ( contains the skull, vertebral column, & ribcage )

Appendicular Skeleton: bones of upper and lower limbs ( girdles attaching to limbs to axial skeleton )

Question 2

Endochondral vs Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 2

Endochondral ossification: bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, bones are called cartilage bones, and form most of skeleton

Intramembranous ossification: bones develop from fibrous membrane, bones are called membrane bones, clavicle and cranial bones

Question 3

Difference between Interstitial and Appositional Growth

Answer 3

Interstitial growth: long bones grow lengthwise, epiphyseal cartilage plate “ growth plate “, and becomes epiphyseal line when done growing

Appositional growth: bones increase thickness and occurs throughout during remodeling

Question 4

Bone Deposit vs. Bone Resorption

Answer 4

Bone deposit: new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts and triggers for deposit: hormones and mechanical signals

Bone resorption: breakdown of bone tissue to release Ca++, resorption is function of osteoclasts, osteoclast activation involves PTH and immune T cell proteins, osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes

Question 5

Know the 6 common types of fractures

Answer 5

Comminuted: bone fragments intro three or more pieces ( particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle )

Compression: bone is crushed ( common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall )

Spiral: ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone ( common sports fracture )

Epiphyseal: epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate ( tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring )

Depressed: broken bone portion is pressed inward ( typical of skull fracture )

Greenstick: bone breaks incompletely ( common in children )

Question 6

Know/Understand the 4 stages of fracture repair

Answer 6

1. Hematoma Formation: torn blood vessels hemorrhage, form mass of clotted blood called a hematoma, site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation: capillaries grow into hematoma, phagocytic cells clear debris
3. Bony callus formation: continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
4. Bone remodeling: begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months ( excess material is removed )

Question 7

Examples From Test: which of the following bones are NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 7

Skull

Question 8

Example from Test: for intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

Answer 8

Ossification center form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

Question 9

Example from Test: the process of bones increasing in thickness is known as _____ ?

Answer 9

Appositional growth

Question 10

Example from Test: which of the following lists the all of the healing stages of a simple fracture in order?

Answer 10

Hematoma formation, Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, Bony callus formation, and Bone Remodeling

Question 11

The steps of Endochondral ossification

Answer 11

1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
2. cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and develops cavities
3. spongy bone forms
4. diaphysis enlongates, and medullary cavity forms
5. the epiphyses ossify