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3/4 Vet Health > Orientation of the body and medical terminology (SAC 1) > Flashcards

Orientation of the body and medical terminology (SAC 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Y/O

A

Years old

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2
Q

BIBA

A

Brought in by ambulance

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3
Q

ED

A

Emergency department

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4
Q

ADLS

A

Activities of daily living

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5
Q

AHA

A

Allied health assistant

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6
Q

THR

A

Total hip replacement

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7
Q

ETOH

A

Consumption of ethanol/alcohol

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8
Q

D/C

A

Discharge

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9
Q

OT

A

Occupational therapist

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10
Q

CVD

A

Cardiovascular disease

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11
Q

T2D

A

Type 2 diabetes

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12
Q

PPE

A

Personal protective equipment

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13
Q

4/24 (24 hours a day)

A

Four hourly

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14
Q

1/7 (7 days a week)

A

1 day

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15
Q

1/52 (52 weeks a year)

A

1 week

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16
Q

1/12 (12 months a year)

A

1 month

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17
Q

AC

A

Before meals

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18
Q

PC

A

After meals (post consumption)

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19
Q

Mane

A

Morning

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20
Q

Nocte (omn)

A

Night

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21
Q

Hs

A

At bedtime

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22
Q

die

A

Daily

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23
Q

BD/bid

A

Twice a day

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24
Q

TDS/tid

A

Three times a day

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25
Q

QID

A

Four times a day

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26
Q

Pt

A

Patient

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27
Q

Components of medical terminology

A

Root (stem) word= essential meaning of word
Suffix= procedure or condition
Prefix= add location, size or number
Combining form/vowel= connects root and suffix e.g. o

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28
Q

Abdomin

A

Abdomen

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29
Q

Encephal

A

Brain (within the head)

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30
Q

Hem/haem

A

Blood

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31
Q

Phleb

A

Veins

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32
Q

-dynia

A

Pain

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33
Q

-eal

A

Pertaining to

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34
Q

-emia

A

Condition of the blood

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35
Q

-graph

A

Process of

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36
Q

Ante-

A

Positioning in front of

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37
Q

Carp-

A

Pertaining to the wrist

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38
Q

Semi-

A

One half

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39
Q

-logy

A

The study of

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40
Q

Anatomy

A

Cutting up the human body to determine its structures

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41
Q

Physiology

A

Study of body functioning

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42
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease or conditions

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43
Q

-logist

A

Specialist in the study of

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44
Q

Cardi

A

Heart

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45
Q

Derma

A

Skin

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46
Q

Endocrin

A

Hormones

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47
Q

Onc

A

Cancer

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48
Q

Ot

A

Ears

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49
Q

Neur

A

Brain

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50
Q

Gynae

A

Female reproductive system

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51
Q

Path

A

Diseases

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52
Q

A-/An-

A

No,not

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53
Q

Aut-

A

Self

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54
Q

Dia-

A

Complete,through

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55
Q

Dys-

A

Bad, painful, abnormal

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56
Q

Endo-

A

Within

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57
Q

Exo-

A

Outside

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58
Q

Hyper-

A

Too much, excessive

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59
Q

Hypo-

A

Too little, below, less than normal

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60
Q

Peri-

A

Surrounding

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61
Q

Pro-

A

Before, forward

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62
Q

Re-

A

Back

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63
Q

Retro-

A

Behind

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64
Q

Sub-

A

Below,under

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65
Q

Trans-

A

Across, through

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66
Q

-al

A

Pertaining to

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67
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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68
Q

-cyte

A

Cell

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69
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal of, excision

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70
Q

-aemia

A

Blood condition

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71
Q

-globin

A

Protein

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72
Q

-gram

A

Record

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73
Q

-ia

A

Condition of

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74
Q

-ic

A

Pertaining to

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75
Q

-ism

A

Abnormal condition of, process

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76
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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77
Q

-logist

A

Specialist in the study of

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78
Q

-oma

A

Tumour,mass

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79
Q

-opsy

A

To view

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80
Q

-scopy

A

The process of visual examination

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81
Q

-sis

A

State of

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82
Q

-tomy

A

Process of cutting into, incision

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83
Q

-centesis

A

Puncturing and draining

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84
Q

-genic

A

Causing

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85
Q

-iatrics

A

Speciality

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86
Q

-lysis

A

Deterioration, destruction

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87
Q

-lysis

A

Deterioration, destruction

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88
Q

-phagia

A

Swallowing

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89
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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90
Q

-philic

A

Attraction to

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91
Q

-phobia

A

Fear

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92
Q

-plasty

A

Surgical repair

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93
Q

-rrhea

A

Flow, discharge

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94
Q

-osis

A

Abnormal condition

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95
Q

-scope

A

Instrument to visually examine

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96
Q

AE

A

Above elbow

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97
Q

Adm

A

Admitted

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98
Q

AOD

A

Alcohol and other drugs

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99
Q

AKA

A

Above knee amputation

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100
Q

BGL

A

Blood glucose level

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101
Q

BMI

A

Body mass index

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102
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resucitation

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103
Q

CBT

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

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104
Q

C/O

A

Complains of

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105
Q

Dob

A

Date of birth

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106
Q

Dx

A

Diagnosed

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107
Q

ECG

A

Elctrocardiogram

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108
Q

EBL

A

Estimated blood loss

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109
Q

H/O

A

History of

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110
Q

MHR

A

Max heart rate

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111
Q

NKA

A

No known allergies

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112
Q

N/A

A

Not applicable

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113
Q

NGT

A

Nasogastic tube

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114
Q

PMH

A

Past medical history

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115
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary embolism or physical examination

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116
Q

RCT

A

Root canal treatment

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117
Q

RICE

A

Rest,ice,compression,elevation

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118
Q

SoB

A

Shortness of breath

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119
Q

St

A

Sterilisation

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120
Q

SoBoE

A

Shortness of breath on exertion

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121
Q

TA

A

Tooth ache

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122
Q

TPR

A

Temperature, pulse and respiratory rate

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123
Q

/Fx

A

Fracture

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124
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • stand upright
  • arms by side
  • palms facing towards
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125
Q

Superior

A

Above

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126
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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127
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

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128
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline (side)

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129
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front

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130
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back

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131
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment

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132
Q

Distal

A

Further from point of attachment

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133
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to skin’s surface

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134
Q

Deep

A

Further from skin’s surface

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135
Q

Internal

A

Inside

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136
Q

External

A

Outside

137
Q

Ventral

A

Closer to belly surface

138
Q

Dorsal

A

Closer to back surface

139
Q

Palmar

A

Opposite surface to dorsum (back) of hand

140
Q

Plantar

A

Opposite surface to dorsum (back) of foot

141
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

142
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

143
Q

Rostral

A

Closer to the front of head

144
Q

Occipital

A

Closer to back of head

145
Q

Bilateral

A

Paired structures on both L and R sides of body

146
Q

Unilateral

A

Unpaired structures on just one side of body

147
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Structures on the same side of body

148
Q

Contralateral

A

Structures on opposite sides of body

149
Q

Body cavity

A

Any space or compartment or potential space in the animal body. Contains:

  • organs
  • fluid
    e. g. dorsal and ventral cavities
150
Q

Elevation

A

Lifting

151
Q

Depression

A

Lowering

152
Q

Protraction

A

Protrude/stick out

153
Q

Retraction

A

Bring in/together

154
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot in towards midline

155
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot away from midline

156
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Toes to sky and dorsum (back) of foot away from tibia

157
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing foot down away from tibia

158
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular motion at ball and socket joint

159
Q

Rotation

A

Movement along longitudinal axis and transverse plane

160
Q

Pronation

A

Palms facing down

161
Q

Supination

A

Palms facing up

162
Q

Flexion

A

Decrease in joint angle

163
Q

Extension

A

Increase in joint angle

164
Q

Abduction

A

Body part away from resting anatomical position

165
Q

Adduction

A

Body part back towards resting anatomical position

166
Q

Levels of organisation

A
  • chemicals
  • cells
  • tissues
  • organs
  • body systems
  • body/organism
167
Q

Human body systems

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Nervous
  3. Muscular
  4. Urinary
  5. Endocrine
  6. Digestive
  7. Immune
  8. Integumentary
  9. Cardiovascular
  10. Reproductive
  11. Lymphatic
  12. Respiratory
168
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones

Support, structure, movement, protection

169
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Coordination and control of body function through electrical signals (receive, organise and respond to stimuli)

170
Q

Muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles

Support and movement

171
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys, bladder

Maintaining water and solute balance, elimination of waste

172
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands

Coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules (hormones)

173
Q

Digestive system

A

Stomach, intestines, liver

Ingestion and processing of foodstuffs for distribution and use by cells, elimination of waste

174
Q

Immune system

A

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

Defence against foreign invaders

175
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin

Protection from the outside environment

176
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Transport of materials between cells

177
Q

Reproductive system

A

Ovaries, uterus, testes

Perpetuation/ reproduction of species

178
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus

Drains excess fluids from cells and returns to the blood stream, immune function

179
Q

Respiratory system

A

Lungs, airways

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments

180
Q

Functional characteristics for maintaining life

A 
Maintain boundaries/ movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity/ responsiveness
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition/ digestion
181
Q

Requirements to maintain life

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temp
Atmospheric pressure (breathing)
182
Q

Atoms

A

Composed of neutrons, protons and electrons

183
Q

Elements

A

Only one type of atom

184
Q

Compounds

A

2 or more different types of atoms

185
Q

Molecules

A

2 or more atoms

186
Q

Ion

A

Gains or loses an electron and therefore will gain an electric charge

187
Q

Anion

A

Gains an electron so gains a negative charge e.g. Cl-

188
Q

Cation

A

Loses an electron so gains a positive charge e.g. K+ or Na+

189
Q

Water

A

Polar molecule b/c uneven distribution of charge

190
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating= not dissolve in water

191
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving= dissolves in water

192
Q

Water functions

A
  • transport=blood plasma
  • absorption= kidneys
  • excretion=urine and sweat
  • secretion= digestion
  • universal solvent
  • chemical reactions
  • dehydration= blood volume and pressure
193
Q

Acids and bases

A

H+= acidic
OH-=alkaline
Body pH= 7.35-7.45
Used in body temp, BP, pH and blood glucose

194
Q

Buffers

A

Acids dissociate into H+= lower pH
Bases dissociate into OH-= increase pH
Blood buffers absorb these excess ions to maintain pH and homeostasis

195
Q

pH regulation

A
  1. Blood= blood buffers absorb ions
  2. Respiratory= remove CO2 that is acidic
  3. Urinary= remove H+ ions and decrease HCO3 that is alkaline
196
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
Structure= glucose/glycogen
Monosaccharides= glucose, fructose and galactose
Disaccharides= sucrose, lactose and maltose
Polysaccharides= glycogen and starch
197
Q

Carbohydrates functions

A
  1. Energy production= glycolysis (break of glucose)
  2. Energy storage=stored as glycogen
  3. Build macromolecules
  4. Spare protein
198
Q

Lipids

A

Structure= hydrophobic

  1. Insulation and thermoregulation
  2. Protection of organs
  3. Energy reserve
  4. Absorption of vitamins A,D,E and K
199
Q

Proteins

A

Structure= made of amino acids

  1. Structure
  2. Enzymes
  3. Hormones
  4. Antibodies
  5. Blood cells
  6. Protein channels and pumps
200
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Specialised

201
Q

Epi-

A

Above

202
Q

Hemi-

A

Half

203
Q

Peri-

A

Surrounding

204
Q

Quadri-

A

4

205
Q

Ec-

A

Outside

206
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions occurring in an organism

207
Q

Anabolism

A

Building of larger, more complex structures

208
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of a substance to gain energy

209
Q

Sources of energy

A

Food and drinks e.g. carbs, fats and proteins

210
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose+oxygen-> carbon dioxide+water

211
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within narrow limits in the face of external change

  • HR
  • fluid balance
  • ions/electrolytes
  • body temp
  • BP
  • blood glucose
  • pH
212
Q

WNL

A

Within normal limits

213
Q

Negative feedback

A

Response opposes stimulus

214
Q

Positive feedback

A

Response is the same as the stimulus= amplify e.g. during childbirth

215
Q

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

A

Frontal/ coronal plane

216
Q

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse plane

217
Q

Divides the body into right and left parts

A

Sagittal plane

218
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Simplest cellular organism and single celled e.g. bacteria

219
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

More complex and multi-cellular e.g. humans

220
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesises hormones and lipids

221
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Final modification and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicle

222
Q

Lysosome

A

Enzymes within are used to breakdown organelle fragments and larger molecules- vesicles from the GA

223
Q

Centrosomes

A

Direct the microtubule organisation within the cell

224
Q

Nucleolus

A

Essential for the formation of ribosomes and composed mainly of DNA

225
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA that controls cellular functions by coding for proteins

226
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic cellular respiration that generates energy

227
Q

Ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis and hold RNA

228
Q

Rough ER

A

Protein synthesis occurs here as it is studded with ribosomes
Fold and transport polypeptides into transport vesicles

229
Q

Cytosol

A

Maintain the shape of the cell and it is where chemical reactions occur

230
Q

Cilia

A

Movement

231
Q

Cell membrane

A

Regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell and is a boundary

232
Q

Myocyte

A

Muscle cell

233
Q

Osteocyte

A

Bone cell

234
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell

235
Q

Phagocyte

A

Cell that destroys pathogens

236
Q

Red blood cells

A 
F= to carry oxygen
S= Large surface area (increased diffusion), contains haemoglobin that joins to oxygen, contains no nucleus
237
Q

Nerve cells

A 
F= to carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body
S= Long, connections at each end, can carry electrical signals
238
Q

Female reproductive cell (egg)

A 
F= join with male cell and to provide food for the new cell that is being formed
S= Large and contains cytoplasm
239
Q

Male reproductive system (sperm cell)

A 
F= reach and join female cell
S= long tail for swimming and head for getting into the female cell
240
Q

Cell damage-physical

A

Trauma, temperature extremes, radiation

241
Q

Cell damage- biological

A

Bacteria, virus, parasite

242
Q

Cell damage- chemical

A

Toxins, poisons, foreign substance

243
Q

Cell damage-metabolic

A

Ischaemia (hypoxic injury), toxic build up, nutritional imbalance, fluid imbalance

244
Q

Ischaemia

A

Restriction of blood flow to tissues

245
Q

Isch-

A

To hold back

246
Q

Hypoxic/ hypoxia

A

Condition of/ pertaining to low oxygen

247
Q

PoP

A

Plaster e.g. on broken arm

248
Q

Atrophy

A

Underdevelopment/undernutrition causing a decrease in the number or size of cells, decreasing tissue mass

249
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Excessive development causing an increase in the size of cells and an increase in tissue size

250
Q

Apoptosis

A

The natural/programmed cell death

251
Q

Necrosis

A

A form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue, causing a lack of blood flow

252
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Excessive growth

253
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change in cell formation/character

254
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth of cells e.g. size, shape and organisation

255
Q

Neoplasia

A

New, uncoordinated cell growth e.g. cancer

256
Q

-plasia

A

Formation/growth

257
Q

meta-

A

beyond/change

258
Q

neo-

A

new

259
Q

Diffusion/ gaseous exchange

A

High to low conc
Passive
O2, CO2, ions, salts

260
Q

Osmosis

A

High to low conc
Passive
Water only

261
Q

Active transport

A

Low to high conc (against conc gradient)
Active (with ATP/ energy)
Ions, glucose

262
Q

Diffusion- adaptations

A

Rate of diff increases with a greater SA
Nephron- kidneys- water, ion, glucose
Alveolus- lungs- O2 and CO2
Villi- small intestine- fatty acids and glycerol in the blood stream

263
Q

CRF

A

Chronic renal failure

264
Q

Sub types of tissues

A
  • muscle
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • nervous
265
Q

Muscle tissue type

A 
S= contract and relax
F= controls body movement and movements of O2, blood, calcium and wastes
E.g.= 
-smooth= blood vessels
-skeletal= bicep
-cardiac= heart
266
Q

Connective tissue type

A 
S= contains fibrous strands and a fluid component
F= hold organs in place, transport of substances (blood and lymphatic vessels), protective role e.g. adipose tissue, bones and ligaments, insulation (adipose tissue)
E.g.=
-blood
-bones
-adipose
-tendons
-ligaments
-cartilage
-fascia
267
Q

Epithelial tissue type

A

S= large sheets of continuous cells
F= protection (lines int and ext organs), secretion of substances e.g. gastric juices, absorption e.g. nutrients into small intestine
E.g.=
-skin
-transitional epithelial bladder (ability to stretch)

268
Q

Nervous tissue type

A 
S= dendrites, cell body, one axon
F= communication (receives, transmits and sends messages), provide sensory info, send motor signals to organs and tissues
E.g.=
-neurons
-alia
269
Q

Epithelial tissue- 3 types

A 
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
One cell thick= simple
More than one layer= stratified
270
Q

GP

A

General practitioner

271
Q

UA

A

Urine analysis

272
Q

FBC

A

Full blood count

273
Q

N and V

A

Nausea and vomiting

274
Q

Rx

A

Recovery/ treatment

275
Q

Tissue membranes

A

Thin layer or sheet of cells that cover the outside of the body (skin), organs (pericardium), internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body (mucosa of the stomach) and the lining of moveable joint cavities

  • connective tissue
  • epithelial membranes
276
Q

Epithelial membrane

A

S= cover/line internal structures/cavities, composed of the epithelial attached to a layer of connective tissue e.g. skin
F= protection of tissues, absorption, secretion, reception of sensory info
L= line cavities that are exposed to the ext enviro and int organs
E.g.=
-cutaneous membrane= ext (skin)
-mucous membrane= b/w int and ext (nose and mouth)
- serous membrane= int (lungs, heart)

277
Q

Serous membranes (epithelial)

A 
S= watery fluid within double layer connective tissue
F= secrete lubricating fluid that reduces friction from muscle movement
L= heart, lungs, abdominal organs
E.g.=
-pleura= around lungs
-pericardium= around heart
-peritoneum= around abdominal organs
2 layers:
-visceral= inner- around organ (VOO)
-parietal=outer- lines cavity (PIC)
278
Q

Mucous membranes (epithelial)

A

S= one or more layers of ep cells overlying a layer of connective tissue
F= Protection (trap foreign particles), lubrication (lubricate movement of substances e.g. food)
L= system that has direct opening to ext enviro
E.g.=
-digestive tract
-genitourinary tract
-respiratory tract

279
Q

Synovial membranes (connective)

A

S=lines cavities of joints and surrounding tendons
F=prevent friction by secreting synovial fluid to lubricate joints
L=lines cavities that are not open to the outside
E.g.=
-knee
-shoulder

280
Q

C

A

With

281
Q

mg

A

Milligram

282
Q

Get/gutt/guttae

A

Drop(s)

283
Q

PCA

A

Patient controlled analgesia (pain relief)

284
Q

A/B’s

A

Antibiotics

285
Q

PRN

A

As required/ whenever necessary

286
Q

Stat

A

To be given immediately

287
Q

Alt

A

Given on alternate days

288
Q

Aq

A

Aqueous/water

289
Q

IM

A

Intramuscular

290
Q

O/PO

A

Orally/taken by the mouth

291
Q

PR

A

By the way of the rectum

292
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

293
Q

PV

A

Pervagina

294
Q

Bx

A

Biopsy

295
Q

DOA

A

Dead on arrival

296
Q

NOK

A

Next of kin

297
Q

NBM

A

Nil by mouth

298
Q

NFR

A

Not for resuscitation

299
Q

DNR

A

Do not resuscitate

300
Q

CXR

A

Chest x-ray

301
Q

NWB

A

Non-weight bearing

302
Q

FWB

A

Full weight bearing

303
Q

OD

A

Overdose

304
Q

CCU

A

Coronary care unit

305
Q

HDU

A

High dependency unit

306
Q

ICU

A

Intensive care unit

307
Q

PICU

A

Paediatric intensive care unit

308
Q

NICU

A

Neonatal intensive care unit

309
Q

A and E

A

Accident and emergency

310
Q

OPD

A

Outpatient department

311
Q

LOC

A

Loss of conscious state

312
Q

OTC

A

Over the counter

313
Q

STML

A

Short term memory loss

314
Q

IDC

A

Indwelling catheter

315
Q

ROM

A

Range of motion

316
Q

PU

A

Passed urine

317
Q

HNPU

A

Has not passed urine

318
Q

UA

A

Urinalysis

319
Q

ABO

A

Major human blood group

320
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

321
Q

TKR

A

Total knee replacement

322
Q

ABI

A

Acquired brain injury

323
Q

TBI

A

Traumatic brain injury

324
Q

MVA

A

Motor vehicle accident

325
Q

T2DM

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

326
Q

HT/HTN

A

Hypertension

327
Q

FOOSH

A

Fall on outstretched hand

328
Q

NOF

A

Neck of femur

329
Q

Seek further assistance

A
  • ask a supervisor/ qualified personal
  • consider medical books
  • consider credible medical websites
330
Q

Subjective

A

Comes from the subject e.g. symptoms

331
Q

Objective

A

Measurable and outside e.g. signs

332
Q

SOEOB

A

Sitting on edge of bed

333
Q

RIB

A

Rest in bed

334
Q

A/

A

Assessment

335
Q

P/

A

Plan

336
Q

D1

A

Day 1

337
Q

FAC

A

Forearm crutches

338
Q

SHx

A

Social history

339
Q

Coronal

A

Divides body into ventral and dorsal sections

3/4 Vet Health (3 decks)

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