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3/4 Vet Health > Body systems for protection, support and movement (SAC 2) > Flashcards

Body systems for protection, support and movement (SAC 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Cutan-

A

Skin

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2
Q

Derm-

A

Skin

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3
Q

Dermat-

A

Skin

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4
Q

Integumentary system-function and e.g.

A

F= protects the body from things going in e.g. abrasion and things going out e.g. water

  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • glands
  • ducts
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5
Q

Structures of the skin- epidermis

A
  • superficial layer
  • no blood or nerve endings
  • varies in density e.g. palms and soles are thickest
  • no hair present
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6
Q

Structure of the skin- dermis

A
  • middle layer
  • contains collagen and connective tissue interlaced with elastic fibres
  • contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat glands and ducts, sebaceous glands (oil), hair and arrestor pili muscles
  • damaged= bleeding and pain
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7
Q

Structures of the skin- subcutaneous or hypodermis

A
  • continuous layer of tissue composed of adipose tissue and areolar tissue (collagen cells)
  • functions as an insulator, energy store and shock absorber
  • little to no pain b/c nerve endings destroyed
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8
Q

First degree burns to skin

A

Only epidermis layer is damaged

  • skin is pink to red
  • skin is dry
  • slight swelling
  • tender to painful
    e. g. sunburn
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9
Q

Second degree burns to skin

A

Epidermis and dermis layers are damaged

  • skin looks red and raw
  • skin is moist (blisters)-> dehydration
  • blisters contain clear fluid
  • severe to extreme pain b/c nerve endings in dermis
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10
Q

Third degree burns to skin

A

All 3 layers of skin are damaged

  • skin is pearly-white, tan or charred
  • skin is dry and leathery
  • blood vessels and bones may be visible under skin
  • little to no pain b/c nerve endings are destroyed
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11
Q

Integumentary system functions

A 
Protection
Absorption
Sensation
Temperature (regulate and maintain reg body temp)
Excretion
D- vitamin D
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12
Q

Integ system- protection

A

Intact barrier that prevents invasion by invaders, UV, trauma and chemicals

Chem barriers:

  • skin secretions
  • melanin (gives skin pigment)

Mechanical barriers:

  • continuity of skin
  • hardness of keratinised cells
  • waterproofing (keratin)

Melanocytes= cells that protect the body from radiation

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13
Q

Integ system- absorption

A

Limited absorption of drugs e.g. nicotine patches and some toxic chemicals e.g. Mercury

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14
Q

Integ system- sensation

A

Sensory receptors are nerve endings in the dermis are sensitive to:

  • touch (mechanoreceptors)
  • pressure (mechanoreceptors)
  • temperature (thermoreceptors)
  • pain (nocioreceptors)
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15
Q

Thermo-

A

Temp

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16
Q

Mechano-

A

Touch/ pressure

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17
Q

Nocio-

A

Pain

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18
Q

Integ system- body temp

A

Regulates and maintains body temperature through thermoregulation and homeostasis

  • vasodilation and vasoconstriction= radiation
  • sweat glands= secretion and evaporation
  • piloerection (goosebumps)= trap heat
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19
Q

Integ system- excretion

A

Excrete sodium chloride in sweat, urea, garlic and other spices

Glands:

  • sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
    • apocrine= open to hair follicle
    • eccrine= open to skin
  • sebaceous glands (oil)= attach to hair
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20
Q

Integ system- Vitamin D

A

From the sun

Roles:

  • calcium and phosphate in the formation and maintenance of bones
  • support immune function
  • regulates insulin levels
  • cardiovascular health
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21
Q

Onych-

A

Nail

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22
Q

Ungu-

A

Nail

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23
Q

Pil-

A

Hair

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24
Q

Trich-

A

Hair

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25
Q

Hair-structure

A

Keratin filaments with a root and shaft and erector pili muscle attached= bundle of smooth muscle fibres attached to each hair follicle

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26
Q

Hair-functions

A
  1. Body temp= piloerection traps hair and insulate body (warming) and facilitates evaporation as sweat (cooling)
  2. Protection=
    • sunburn e.g. scalp
    • debris e.g. eyelashes
    • foreign particles e.g. nose
  3. Sense organ e.g. vestibular system in inner ear detects head movement and balance
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27
Q

Nail-structure

A

Hard horny keratin plates that protect the tips of fingers and toes

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28
Q

Nail-function

A
  • prevent bone damage

- grasp,dig and itch

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29
Q

Integ system-gland types

A
  • sweat (sudoiferous) glands
    • eccrine
    • apocrine
  • sebaceous (oil) glands
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30
Q

Eccrine vs apocrine

A

Epocrine=

  • body temp reg
  • smaller
  • discharge onto skin surface
  • mainly water and NaCl

Apocrine=

  • armpits, scrotum, anus and labia
  • larger
  • ducts open and are attached to hair follicles
  • acted upon by bacteria (on skin surface) -> odour
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31
Q

Sweat (sudoiferous) glands-structure

A

Secretory section= found in dermis in eccrine gland
-portion of sweat gland that is a twisted and coiled tube and opening at its top->production of sweat

Excretory duct= moves from secretory portion, through dermis and into epidermis from apocrine gland to hair
-opens at surface of skin

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32
Q

Sebaceous (oil) gland-structure, location and function

A

L=glands found on scalp, groin, face (not palms and soles)
S= secretory epithelial cells
F=
-secrete substance that has antimicrobial properties (sebum)
- keeps hair follicles soft and pliable
-prevents infection (fungicidal and bactericidal agent)
-prevents the skin from drying out and cracking (lubricant and prevents excess evaporation of water)

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33
Q

Maintain a healthy integumentary system

A
  • bathe daily and wash hands often
  • healthy diet and drink water
  • sunscreen
  • moisturise skin to maintain skin elasticity
  • avoid tight clothing (can cause irritation)
  • examine body often to look for abnormalities e.g. moles, unhealed skin
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34
Q

Musculoskeletal system-function and location

A 
F=provides form, stability, support and movement
L=
-bones
-muscles
-tendons
-ligaments
-cartilage
-joints
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35
Q

Oste-

A

Bone

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36
Q

Arthr-

A

Joint

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37
Q

Chondro-

A

Cartilage

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38
Q

Cost-

A

Rib

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39
Q

Crani-

A

Skull

40
Q

Myel-

A

Bone marrow

41
Q

Pelv-

A

Pelvis/hipbone

42
Q

Spondyl-

A

Vertebrae

43
Q

Vertebr-

A

Vertebrae

44
Q

Bones-structure

A

Made up of a protein known as collagen= soft

Mineral calcium phosphate= hardens

45
Q

Bones-tissue types

A

Compact (cortical):

  • hard outer layer that is dense, strong and durable
  • 80% of adult bone mass
  • act as a barrier/ protect

Cancellous (spongy or trabecular):

  • rod-like structures
  • lighter, less dense and more flexible
  • where RBCs are formed and stored
46
Q

Cellular components of a bone

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
47
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • responsible for making new bone and repairing old bone (build)
  • produce a protein mixture called osteoid that is mineralised and becomes bone
  • manufactures hormones
  • reabsorbs osteoclasts to form new bones
48
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • responsible for bone cell connection to osteoblasts and osteocytes and communication within bone tissue
  • inactive osteoblasts b\c trapped in bone
49
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • large cells with more than one nucleus
  • responsible for breaking down bone
  • release enzymes and acids to dissolve minerals in bone and digest them (resorption)
  • helps remodel injured bones and create pathways for nerves and blood vessels
50
Q

-penia

A

Deficiency

51
Q

Bones-functions

A 
Protection
Movement
Boundary
RBC production
Storage
52
Q

Skeletal system- protection

A

Gives a supportive structure or framework for the body

53
Q

Skeletal system- movement

A

Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and when they contract, bones are pulled therefore creating movement

54
Q

Skeletal system- boundary

A

Boundary to the thoracic, pelvic and cranial cavities

Protects vital organs e.g. cranium protects brain

55
Q

Skeletal system- RBC production

A

Occurs in bone marrow in cancellous bone

Produces lymphocytes/white blood cells involved in the immune response

56
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Red blood cell production in red bone marrow

57
Q

-poiesis

A

Formation

58
Q

Skeletal system- storage

A

Stores minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium

Functions of minerals:

  • calcium= healthy bones and BP regulation
  • phosphorous= healthy bones and teeth and maintain acid-base balance
  • sodium= fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
  • potassium= fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
59
Q

Types of bones

A
  • long
  • short
  • irregular
  • flat
  • sesamoid
60
Q

Type of bones-long

A
  • 2 extremities and a shaft (diaphysis)
  • longer than they are wide e.g. femur
  • strength, structure and mobility
61
Q

Structure of long bones

A

Shaft (diaphysis) and 2 extremities (epiphysis)

  1. Diaphysis= compact bone composed of fatty, yellow bone marrow
  2. Epiphysis= outer cover of a compact bone and spongy bone on inside
  3. Periosteum= 2 layered membrane
    • outer layer= fibrous and tough for protection
    • inner layer= osteoblasts and osteoclasts
62
Q

Type of bone-short

A
  • same width and length e.g. carpals in wrist

- stability and some movement (gaps between bones)

63
Q

Type of bone-irregular

A
  • no regular shape or characteristics e.g. vertebra and skull bones (m and m)
  • protect vital organs e.g. spine and brain
64
Q

Type of bone-flat

A
  • thin
  • have flat areas for muscle attachment and enclose cavities to protect organs
  • e.g. sternum and ribs, ilium in pelvis
65
Q

Type of bone-sesamoid

A
  • small bones developed in tendons around some joints
  • reinforce and decrease stress on tendons
  • e.g. patella
66
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Long axis of body and includes ribcage, spine, skull and clavicle

67
Q

Axial skeleton-spine

A 
Cervical (neck)- 7 bones= C1 to C7
Thoracic (chest)- 12 bones= T1 to T12
Lumbar (waist)- 5 bones= L1 to L5
Sacral (lower back)- 5 fused bones= S1 to S5
Coccygeal (coccyx)- 4 fused bones

Saccrum= sacral and coccygeal- 9 fused bones

68
Q

Specialised vertebrae

A

Atlas on top of axis

-different structure=different function

69
Q

Axial skeleton-rib cage

A
  • ribs=outer- protect organs
  • cartilage=inner- expansion and movement
  • xiphoid process= bottom of sternum
  • manubrium= plate
70
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton

71
Q

Appendicular skeleton- examples

A
  • upper limbs incl hands
  • lower limbs incl feet
  • pelvis/ hipbone
  • sacrum
  • ilium
  • pubis
  • ischium
72
Q

Joints

A
  • links between the bones
  • allow movement but also work to stabilise
    e. g. fibrous, cartilagenous and synovial
73
Q

Joints-fibrous

A

S- tough connective tissue

F- no movement e.g. lines of the cranium

74
Q

Joints- cartilagenous

A

S- connected entirely by cartilage

F- allow for some movement and acts as a shock absorber e.g. ribs and sternum

75
Q

Joints- synovial

A

S- a space with a capsule between two articulating bones that includes a ligament, synovial fluid (prevent friction) , articular cartilage (prevent friction) and a joint capsule (fibrous tissue around outside)
F- movement

76
Q

Types of joints

A

Hinge= flexion and extension e.g. elbow, knee
Ball and socket= circumduction, multi-axial, adduction and abduction e.g. hip and shoulder
Pivot= rotation e.g. C1 and C2 in neck/ spine
Plane= prevent sliding and gliding e.g. carpals
Saddle= rotation e.g. thumb joint
Condyloid= flex, ext, adduction, abduction and circumduction e.g. phalanges

77
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • made of collagen and elastin fibres
  • connect muscular and skeletal systems
    e. g. tendons, ligaments, cartilage
78
Q

Connective tissue-cartilage

A 
S= specialised connective tissue that is avascular (slow healing b/c no blood supply)
F= shock absorption, joint lubrication and prevents friction
e.g. 
-nose
-ears
-joints
-rib cage
-inverterbrate discs
79
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline:

  • smooth
  • ‘glassy’ appearance
  • lines articular surfaces of long bones
  • no nerves or blood vessels
    e. g. ribs and trachea

Fibrous:

  • tough and strong
  • collagen
  • shock absorption
    e. g. intervertebral discs, meniscus

Elastic:

  • elastin=more flexible
    e. g. pinnae (ear flap), epiglottis
80
Q

Connective tissue-ligaments

A

S= regular collagen fibres, slightly elastic, strong fibrous band
F=connect bone to bone, movement and stability, support organs
e.g.
-ACL
-PCL
-anterior talofibular ligament (ankle)

81
Q

Connective tissue-tendons

A

S=soft, less elastic, arranged in parallel fibres
F=connect muscle to bone, transfer force to create movement
e.g.
-achilles tendon
-distal biceps tendon

82
Q

Sprain vs strain

A

Strain= tendons and muscles

Sprain=ligaments

83
Q

Ligament-

A

Ligament

84
Q

Muscul-

A

Muscle

85
Q

My-

A

Muscle

86
Q

Myos-

A

Muscle

87
Q

Ten-

A

Tendon

88
Q

Tendin-

A

Tendon

89
Q

-rraphy

A

Surgical suture

90
Q

-trophy

A

Development

91
Q

Muscle types

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
92
Q

Muscle tissue-characteristics

A
  • excitability/irritability= ability to receive and respond to stimuli
  • contractility= ability to shorten forcibly
  • extensibility= ability to be stretched or extended
  • elasticity= ability to recoil and resume original resting length
93
Q

Skeletal muscle-functions

A
  • generate movement e.g. bicep
  • maintain posture e.g. abdominals, latissimus dorsi
  • stability e.g. abdominals when gluten are contracted
  • control the movement of substances
    • food=peristalsis
    • urine and faeces
    • blood/lymph
  • homeostasis= generate heat via shivering and piloerection
94
Q

Muscles-fibre arrangement

A
  • multipennate= 2+ branches that produces more force e.g. deltoid
  • bipennate= 2 branches that produce medium force e.g. hamstring
  • unipennate= one branch that produces less force e.g. tibialis anterior
  • fusiform= muscle belly contracts medium force and low force e.g. bicep
  • circular= voluntary e.g. sphincters in urinary and digestive systems
95
Q

Skeletal muscle- structure

A
  • epimysium= outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle
  • perimysium= connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibres into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
  • endomysium= Loose, well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fibre in a skeletal muscle
  • fasicle= bundle of muscle fibres within a skeletal muscle
  • sarcolemma= plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibre
  • sarcoplasm= cytoplasm of muscle cell
  • sarcomere= repeating functional units of skeletal muscle with proteins (actin and myosin) involved in contraction
  • muscle fibre= single muscle cell
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum= specialised SER which stores, releases and retrieves Ca+
96
Q

Calcium function in skeletal muscles

A

Allows proteins (actin and myosin) to attract to each other therefore shortening the muscle and contracting

97
Q

Sliding filament theory

A
  1. Action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction
  2. Release of acetylcholine (hormone)
  3. Sodium channels open that leads to action potential in sarcolemma
  4. Release Ca+
  5. Myosin binds to actin (protein)
  6. Actin and myosin slide over each there (contract)
  7. Muscle fibres shorten (contract)
  8. Force transmitted through tendon
  9. Pull on bones to generate movement

3/4 Vet Health (3 decks)

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