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HEMA, LYMPH, IMMUNE > Orginization of Blood > Flashcards

Orginization of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood

A

a liquid connective tissue

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2
Q

Blood has what three general functions

A

Transportation

Regulation

Protection

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3
Q

what 2 gases does blood transport and to where

A

oxygen from lungs to cells

Carbon Dioxide from cells to lungs

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4
Q

besides O2 and CO2 what else does blood transport

A

nutrients

Heat

Waste

hormones

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5
Q

blood helps regulate what aspect of body fluids

A

pH

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6
Q

what property of blood influences the water content of cells

A

Osmotic Pressure

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7
Q

how does blood protect the body

A

Blood Clots (becomes Gel-like)

attacks disease (WBC/Proteins)

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8
Q

what is thicker blood or water

A

Blood

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9
Q

what is the temperature of blood

A

100.4

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10
Q

Blood is Alkaline what is its range

A

7.35 - 7.45

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11
Q

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide attache to what part of the blood

A

Hemoglobin in RBC

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12
Q

what percent of the total body weight is blood

A

8%

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13
Q

what is the total blood volume of an adult size male and woman

A

5 - 6 liters

4 - 5 liters

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14
Q

blood plasma is a liquid extracellular matrix that contains what

A

dissolved substances

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15
Q

what are formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

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16
Q

blood is what percent of formed elements

A

45%

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17
Q

99% of formed elements are what type of cells

A

Red blood cells

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18
Q

99% of formed elements are RBC what is the rest

A

Pale Colorless WBC and platelets

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19
Q

what percent of blood volume is plasma

A

55%

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20
Q

what is hematocrit (HCT)

A

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC

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21
Q

what is the normal range for hematocrit in males

what is the normal range for hematocrit in females

A

42% - 52%

37% - 47%

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22
Q

what are the following % of Blood plasma

Water

Proteins

Solutes other than proteins

A

91.5% Water

7% Proteins

1.5% Solutes other than proteins

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23
Q

Proteins in the blood are synthesized mainly by what

A

the liver

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24
Q

What is the most plentiful plasma protein,

what percent does it account for of all plasma proteins

A

Albumins

54%

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25
Q

Red blood cells are also called

A

erythrocytes

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26
Q

what contains the oxygen carrying protein hemoglobon

A

RBCs / Erythrocytes

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27
Q

Hemoglobin transports what % of carbon dioxide in the blood

A

23%

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28
Q

how much RBCs does a male have

how much RBCs does a male have

A
  1. 4 million RBC / µL

4. 8 million RBC / µL

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29
Q

Because of wear and tear on their plasma membrane as they squeeze through blood capillaries, how long do RBCs good for

A

120 days

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30
Q

white blood cells are also know as

A

leukocytes

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31
Q

how long do WBCs / leukocytes live for

A

few hours to days

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32
Q

what combats pathogens and other foreign substances that enter the body, WBCs or RBCs

A

WBCs

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33
Q

what has a nucei and a full complement of other organelles but theyt do not contain hemoglobin, WBCs or RBCs

A

WBCs

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34
Q

what are the two divisions of WBCs classified as

A

Granular or agranular

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35
Q

What are the granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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36
Q

What are the Agranular Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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37
Q

What percent of WBCs are Neutrophils

what do Neutrophils do

A

50 -70%

Phagocytosis - distroy bacteria with lysozymes, Defensins and strong oxidants

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38
Q

What percent of WBCs are Eosinophils

what do Eosinophils do

A

1 -5%

Suppress effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytes antigen-antibody complexes and destroys cretin parasitic worms.

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39
Q

What percent of WBCs are Basophils

what do Basophils so

A

0 - 1%

Release heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response

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40
Q

What percent of WBCs are Lymphocytes

what type of cells are Lymphocytes

what do Lymphocytes do

A

20 -40%

T-Cells / B-Cells / Natural Killer Cells

All together Mediates immune response

B Cells transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

T Cells attack invading viruses, cancer, cells and transplant tissue cells

Natural Killer Cells attack microbes and arising tumor cells

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41
Q

What percent of WBCs are monocytes

what do monocytes

A

1 - 6%

Phagocytic - transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage

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42
Q

what is the range of platelets

A

150,000 - 400,000 µL

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43
Q

what are platelets, and what do they contain

A

cell fragments

Vesicles but no nucleus

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44
Q

how long do platelets live for

A

5 - 9 Days

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45
Q

what do platelets do

A

form platelet plug during Homeostasis,

release chemical to promote vascular spasm and blood clotting

46
Q

what is the process of by which formed elements of blood are developed

A

Hemopoiesis / Hematopoisesis

47
Q

Hemopoiesis / Hematopoisesis takes place where

A

Red bone marrow

48
Q

what type of stem cells have the capacity to develop into different cell types

A

Pluripotent

49
Q

Pluripotent stem cells will differentiate into what 2 cell lines

A

Myeloid and lymohoid

50
Q

Myeloid Stem cells will become what

A

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

Monocytes

Platelets

Red Cells

Mast Cells

51
Q

where do lymphoid stem cells develop

A

in bone marrow but mature in lymphatic tissue

52
Q

lymphoid stem cells will become

A

T Cells

B Cells

Natural Killer Cells

53
Q

what are bands

A

Immature Neutrophils

54
Q

what is considered a abnormal lab value and considered a left shift in bands

A

> 10%

55
Q

what are blast cells associated with

A

Myelodysplastic disorders (Cancer)

56
Q

a sequence of responses what stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured is called

A

Homeostasis

57
Q

what are the three mechanisms that can reduce loss of blood from blood vessels

A

Vascular Spasm

Platelet Plug Formation

Blood clotting (Coagulation)

58
Q

what is the process of vessel smooth muscle contracting called

A

Vascular spasms

59
Q

the process of platelets coming into contact with parts of damaged blood vessels and coming together is called

A

Platelet Plug formation

60
Q

Describe the platelet Plug formation

A
  1. Platelets Contact and stick to damaged blood vessels
  2. Platelets interact with each other and release chemicals
  3. Released chemicals re-enforce vascular spasm and makes Platelets sticky
  4. collection of platelets form a platelet plug
61
Q

when blood is outside of the vessels it thickens and forms a gel. This gel separates from the straw colored liquid

what is the gel and is it called and

what is the straw colored liquid called and what is it

A

Network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin, the gel is called a clot

Plasma minus clotting proteins, Called a Serum

62
Q

what is the process of clot formation called

A

clotting (coagulation)

63
Q

if blood clots too easily what can be a result in

A

thrombosis

64
Q

describe the three stages of clotting

A

Step 1: Prothrombinase

Step 2: Prothrombinase coverts prothrombin (W/ vitamin K) into thrombin

Step 3: thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

fribrin forms the threads of the clot

65
Q

what substance interfere with step 3 of clotting

A

Cigarette Smoke

66
Q

endothelial cell repair the vessel lining of ruptured tissue with the assistance from what type of cells

A

Fibroblast

67
Q

What occurs simultaneously as coagulation occurs

A

fibriolysis

68
Q

fibrinolysis is what

A

break down of blood clots

69
Q

how does fibriolysis work

A

inactive plasma enzyme called plaminogen is incorporated into the clot

plaminogen is turned into Plasmin

70
Q

wndothelial surfaces of the blood vessel may be roughed as a result of what

A

atherosclerosis,

trauma,

infection

71
Q

what is clotting in unbroken vessel called

what is the clot its self called

A

thrombosis

Thrombus

72
Q

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called

A

Embolus

73
Q

where do emboli often form

A

in veins, where blood flow is slower

74
Q

what is the most common site for embolus to become lodged.

what is that condition called

A

lungs,

Pulmonary Embolism.

75
Q

The surfaces of red blood cells contain a genetically determined assortment of
antigens composed of what

A

glycolipids

and

glycoprotines

76
Q

glycolipids and glycoproteins antigens are called

A

agglutinogens

77
Q

blood is categorized into

different blood groups based on the presence of absence of

A

antigens

78
Q

there are how many blood groups

How many antigens

A

at least 24

more than 100

79
Q

what are the two major blood groups

A

ABO

RH

80
Q

The ABO blood group is based on two antigens called

A

A and B

81
Q

In addition to antigens on RBCs, blood plasma usually contains what

A

antibodies AKA agglutinins

82
Q

antibodies AKA agglutinins react with what

A

A or B antigenis

83
Q

why is Rh blood group named so

A

first found in the blood of the rhesus monkey

84
Q

T or F

Under normal circumstances, plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies.

A

True

85
Q

Blood transfusions are given to raise _________ in anemic or massive hemorrhaging patients

A

hemoglobin levels

86
Q

what are the 4 types of blood products

A

FWB

packed BRC

Plasma

Platelets

87
Q

what is the advantage of whole blood

A

has RBCs, Plasma, Platelets perfect 1:1:1 ratio

and

retains clotting factors

88
Q

Indications for use of FWB

A

Massive hemorrhage when more than 10 units are expected to be used

Cardiac surgery

89
Q

what is a requirement for transfusing FWB

A

Must be ABO type and Rh specific unless low titer O

90
Q

what are requirements for using Walking Blood Bank when deploying

A

ID 10% of crew as low titer O and prefilling DD572’s

91
Q

what is the most used blood product to raise hemoglobin

A

Packed RBC

92
Q

in a unit of 300ml of packed RBCs how much of it is the unit is truly RBCs

A

200ml

93
Q

one unit of packed RBC will bring up hemoglobin by how much

A

1 g/dL

g/dL = gram per deciliter

94
Q

what should be given in addition to 1 unit of packed RBCs

A

1 unit of Fresh Frozen Platelets

1 unit of platelets

for a 1 to 1 to 1 ratio.

95
Q

Leuko reduced blood reduce incidence of what

A

leukoagglutination reactions,

platelet alloimmunization

transfusion related acute lung injury

CMV exposure

96
Q

RBC Units can be stored in refrigerator up to how many days.

what should happens after 35 days

A

35 days

Freeze unit

97
Q

Current DoD guidelines allow units to be glycerolized and frozen for how long

A

10 years

98
Q

what type of ships maintain

frozen storage of O units while they deploy.

A

Casualty receiving ships

larger amphibious ships

99
Q

how long does it take for a ACP215 instrument to deglycerolize one unit of blood

A

1 hour

100
Q

After deglycing a unit of frozen blood it is ready for transfusion or can be
stored in refrigerator for how long

A

14 day

101
Q

Before transfusion, the recipient and donor’s blood need to be typed and crossmatched
to avoid what

A

hemolytic transfusion reactions.

102
Q

what are the only antigen systems tests prior to transfusion

A

only ABO and Rh

103
Q

what is the most important part to antigen to test before a transfusion and why

A

A and B antigens

Incompatible red cells can cause lysis of blood cells.

104
Q

Rh system is also know as

A

D antigen

105
Q

what is the biggest reason for hemolytic transfusion reaction

A

due to clerical errors and mislabeled specimens

106
Q

when hemolysis occurs it is rapid and intravascular release of free hemohlobin into what

A

plasma

107
Q

the most sever Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur in what setting

A

surgical patients under anesthesia

108
Q

what are S/S of Hemolytic transfusion reactions

A

fever

chills

backache

headache

Dyspnea

hypotension

109
Q

Pts under anesthesia will not manifest fever, chills, backache, headaches, dyspnea, hypotension , but will manifest with

A

tachycardia

generalized bleeding

Oliguria (low urine output)

110
Q

is severe cases of acute Hemolytic transfusion reactions what happens

A

kidney injury

Tubular necrosis

Death in 4% of hemolytic reactions

111
Q

what is the treatment of Hemolytic transfusion reactions

A

Stop transfusion immediately.

Vigorously hydrate patient to prevent acute tubular necrosis

Forced diuresis with mannitol to minimize kidney injury

HEMA, LYMPH, IMMUNE (5 decks)

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