Orginization of Blood Flashcards
1
Q
what is blood
A
a liquid connective tissue
2
Q
Blood has what three general functions
A
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
3
Q
what 2 gases does blood transport and to where
A
oxygen from lungs to cells
Carbon Dioxide from cells to lungs
4
Q
besides O2 and CO2 what else does blood transport
A
nutrients
Heat
Waste
hormones
5
Q
blood helps regulate what aspect of body fluids
A
pH
6
Q
what property of blood influences the water content of cells
A
Osmotic Pressure
7
Q
how does blood protect the body
A
Blood Clots (becomes Gel-like)
attacks disease (WBC/Proteins)
8
Q
what is thicker blood or water
A
Blood
9
Q
what is the temperature of blood
A
100.4
10
Q
Blood is Alkaline what is its range
A
7.35 - 7.45
11
Q
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide attache to what part of the blood
A
Hemoglobin in RBC
12
Q
what percent of the total body weight is blood
A
8%
13
Q
what is the total blood volume of an adult size male and woman
A
5 - 6 liters
4 - 5 liters
14
Q
blood plasma is a liquid extracellular matrix that contains what
A
dissolved substances
15
Q
what are formed elements
A
cells and cell fragments
16
Q
blood is what percent of formed elements
A
45%
17
Q
99% of formed elements are what type of cells
A
Red blood cells
18
Q
99% of formed elements are RBC what is the rest
A
Pale Colorless WBC and platelets
19
Q
what percent of blood volume is plasma
A
55%
20
Q
what is hematocrit (HCT)
A
the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC
21
Q
what is the normal range for hematocrit in males
what is the normal range for hematocrit in females
A
42% - 52%
37% - 47%
22
Q
what are the following % of Blood plasma
Water
Proteins
Solutes other than proteins
A
91.5% Water
7% Proteins
1.5% Solutes other than proteins
23
Q
Proteins in the blood are synthesized mainly by what
A
the liver
24
Q
What is the most plentiful plasma protein,
what percent does it account for of all plasma proteins
A
Albumins
54%
25
Red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
26
what contains the oxygen carrying protein hemoglobon
RBCs / Erythrocytes
27
Hemoglobin transports what % of carbon dioxide in the blood
23%
28
how much RBCs does a male have
how much RBCs does a male have
5. 4 million RBC / µL
| 4. 8 million RBC / µL
29
Because of wear and tear on their plasma membrane as they squeeze through blood capillaries, how long do RBCs good for
120 days
30
white blood cells are also know as
leukocytes
31
how long do WBCs / leukocytes live for
few hours to days
32
what combats pathogens and other foreign substances that enter the body, WBCs or RBCs
WBCs
33
what has a nucei and a full complement of other organelles but theyt do not contain hemoglobin, WBCs or RBCs
WBCs
34
what are the two divisions of WBCs classified as
Granular or agranular
35
What are the granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
36
What are the Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
37
What percent of WBCs are Neutrophils
what do Neutrophils do
50 -70%
Phagocytosis - distroy bacteria with lysozymes, Defensins and strong oxidants
38
What percent of WBCs are Eosinophils
what do Eosinophils do
1 -5%
Suppress effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytes antigen-antibody complexes and destroys cretin parasitic worms.
39
What percent of WBCs are Basophils
what do Basophils so
0 - 1%
Release heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response
40
What percent of WBCs are Lymphocytes
what type of cells are Lymphocytes
what do Lymphocytes do
20 -40%
T-Cells / B-Cells / Natural Killer Cells
All together Mediates immune response
B Cells transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
T Cells attack invading viruses, cancer, cells and transplant tissue cells
Natural Killer Cells attack microbes and arising tumor cells
41
What percent of WBCs are monocytes
what do monocytes
1 - 6%
Phagocytic - transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage
42
what is the range of platelets
150,000 - 400,000 µL
43
what are platelets, and what do they contain
cell fragments
Vesicles but no nucleus
44
how long do platelets live for
5 - 9 Days
45
what do platelets do
form platelet plug during Homeostasis,
release chemical to promote vascular spasm and blood clotting
46
what is the process of by which formed elements of blood are developed
Hemopoiesis / Hematopoisesis
47
Hemopoiesis / Hematopoisesis takes place where
Red bone marrow
48
what type of stem cells have the capacity to develop into different cell types
Pluripotent
49
Pluripotent stem cells will differentiate into what 2 cell lines
Myeloid and lymohoid
50
Myeloid Stem cells will become what
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Platelets
Red Cells
Mast Cells
51
where do lymphoid stem cells develop
in bone marrow but mature in lymphatic tissue
52
lymphoid stem cells will become
T Cells
B Cells
Natural Killer Cells
53
what are bands
Immature Neutrophils
54
what is considered a abnormal lab value and considered a left shift in bands
> 10%
55
what are blast cells associated with
Myelodysplastic disorders (Cancer)
56
a sequence of responses what stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured is called
Homeostasis
57
what are the three mechanisms that can reduce loss of blood from blood vessels
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Blood clotting (Coagulation)
58
what is the process of vessel smooth muscle contracting called
Vascular spasms
59
the process of platelets coming into contact with parts of damaged blood vessels and coming together is called
Platelet Plug formation
60
Describe the platelet Plug formation
1. Platelets Contact and stick to damaged blood vessels
2. Platelets interact with each other and release chemicals
3. Released chemicals re-enforce vascular spasm and makes Platelets sticky
4. collection of platelets form a platelet plug
61
when blood is outside of the vessels it thickens and forms a gel. This gel separates from the straw colored liquid
what is the gel and is it called and
what is the straw colored liquid called and what is it
Network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin, the gel is called a clot
Plasma minus clotting proteins, Called a Serum
62
what is the process of clot formation called
clotting (coagulation)
63
if blood clots too easily what can be a result in
thrombosis
64
describe the three stages of clotting
Step 1: Prothrombinase
Step 2: Prothrombinase coverts prothrombin (W/ vitamin K) into thrombin
Step 3: thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
fribrin forms the threads of the clot
65
what substance interfere with step 3 of clotting
Cigarette Smoke
66
endothelial cell repair the vessel lining of ruptured tissue with the assistance from what type of cells
Fibroblast
67
What occurs simultaneously as coagulation occurs
fibriolysis
68
fibrinolysis is what
break down of blood clots
69
how does fibriolysis work
inactive plasma enzyme called plaminogen is incorporated into the clot
plaminogen is turned into Plasmin
70
wndothelial surfaces of the blood vessel may be roughed as a result of what
atherosclerosis,
trauma,
infection
71
what is clotting in unbroken vessel called
what is the clot its self called
thrombosis
Thrombus
72
A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called
Embolus
73
where do emboli often form
in veins, where blood flow is slower
74
what is the most common site for embolus to become lodged.
what is that condition called
lungs,
Pulmonary Embolism.
75
The surfaces of red blood cells contain a genetically determined assortment of
antigens composed of what
glycolipids
and
glycoprotines
76
glycolipids and glycoproteins antigens are called
agglutinogens
77
blood is categorized into
| different blood groups based on the presence of absence of
antigens
78
there are how many blood groups
How many antigens
at least 24
more than 100
79
what are the two major blood groups
ABO
RH
80
The ABO blood group is based on two antigens called
A and B
81
In addition to antigens on RBCs, blood plasma usually contains what
antibodies AKA agglutinins
82
antibodies AKA agglutinins react with what
A or B antigenis
83
why is Rh blood group named so
first found in the blood of the rhesus monkey
84
T or F
Under normal circumstances, plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies.
True
85
Blood transfusions are given to raise _________ in anemic or massive hemorrhaging patients
hemoglobin levels
86
what are the 4 types of blood products
FWB
packed BRC
Plasma
Platelets
87
what is the advantage of whole blood
has RBCs, Plasma, Platelets perfect 1:1:1 ratio
and
retains clotting factors
88
Indications for use of FWB
Massive hemorrhage when more than 10 units are expected to be used
Cardiac surgery
89
what is a requirement for transfusing FWB
Must be ABO type and Rh specific unless low titer O
90
what are requirements for using Walking Blood Bank when deploying
ID 10% of crew as low titer O and prefilling DD572’s
91
what is the most used blood product to raise hemoglobin
Packed RBC
92
in a unit of 300ml of packed RBCs how much of it is the unit is truly RBCs
200ml
93
one unit of packed RBC will bring up hemoglobin by how much
1 g/dL
g/dL = gram per deciliter
94
what should be given in addition to 1 unit of packed RBCs
1 unit of Fresh Frozen Platelets
1 unit of platelets
for a 1 to 1 to 1 ratio.
95
Leuko reduced blood reduce incidence of what
leukoagglutination reactions,
platelet alloimmunization
transfusion related acute lung injury
CMV exposure
96
RBC Units can be stored in refrigerator up to how many days.
what should happens after 35 days
35 days
Freeze unit
97
Current DoD guidelines allow units to be glycerolized and frozen for how long
10 years
98
what type of ships maintain
| frozen storage of O units while they deploy.
Casualty receiving ships
larger amphibious ships
99
how long does it take for a ACP215 instrument to deglycerolize one unit of blood
1 hour
100
After deglycing a unit of frozen blood it is ready for transfusion or can be
stored in refrigerator for how long
14 day
101
Before transfusion, the recipient and donor’s blood need to be typed and crossmatched
to avoid what
hemolytic transfusion reactions.
102
what are the only antigen systems tests prior to transfusion
only ABO and Rh
103
what is the most important part to antigen to test before a transfusion and why
A and B antigens
Incompatible red cells can cause lysis of blood cells.
104
Rh system is also know as
D antigen
105
what is the biggest reason for hemolytic transfusion reaction
due to clerical errors and mislabeled specimens
106
when hemolysis occurs it is rapid and intravascular release of free hemohlobin into what
plasma
107
the most sever Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur in what setting
surgical patients under anesthesia
108
what are S/S of Hemolytic transfusion reactions
fever
chills
backache
headache
Dyspnea
hypotension
109
Pts under anesthesia will not manifest fever, chills, backache, headaches, dyspnea, hypotension , but will manifest with
tachycardia
generalized bleeding
Oliguria (low urine output)
110
is severe cases of acute Hemolytic transfusion reactions what happens
kidney injury
Tubular necrosis
Death in 4% of hemolytic reactions
111
what is the treatment of Hemolytic transfusion reactions
Stop transfusion immediately.
Vigorously hydrate patient to prevent acute tubular necrosis
Forced diuresis with mannitol to minimize kidney injury
