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1. Laboratory - Microbiology and Immunology > Organs of Immunity > Flashcards

Organs of Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one of the main functions of the lymphoid system?

2

A

To enable lymphocytes to encounter antigens

It is here that adaptive immune responses are initiated

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2
Q

What does the lymphoid system consist of?

3

A

Primary lymphoid organs

Secondary lymphoid organs

Lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

List the parts of the primary lymphoid organs.

2

A

Bone marrow

The thymus

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4
Q

What is a primary lymphoid organ?

A

A location where cells of the immune system are generated or mature

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5
Q

How is bone marrow a primary lymphoid organ?

2

A

B and T lymphocytes are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow

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6
Q

How is the thymus a primary lymphoid organ?

A

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus

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7
Q

What happens to B and T lymphocytes after they mature?

A

They accumulate in secondary lymphoid organs

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8
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs.

A

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Appendix

Spleen

Peyer’s patches

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9
Q

What is a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

A location in the body where immune responses can be initiated and organised

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10
Q

What do all secondary lymphoid organs contain?

4

A

Germinal centres

T-cells

B-cells

Antigen presenting cells

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11
Q

What are germinal centres

A

This is where mature B cells are activated/become plasma cells

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12
Q

What connects the secondary lymphoid organs to the rest of the body?

A

A vast network of lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

Where are peyer’s patches found?

A

They are found in the small intestine

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14
Q

What are developing cells in the thymus called?

A

Thymocytes

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the thymus.

4

A

It is an encapsulated organ

It consists of two lobes of glandular tissue

The lobes are divided into lobules by septae

Each lobule consists of a densely cellular cortex and a less cellular medulla

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16
Q

How many lobes does a thymus have?

A

Two

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17
Q

What divides the thymus lobes into lobules?

A

Connective tissue called septae

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18
Q

Which part of the lobule is densely cellular?

A

The cortex which is on the outside

19
Q

Which part of the lobule is not densely cellular?

A

The medulla which is in the middle

20
Q

What can be found in the medulla of the thymus?

A

Hassall’s corpuscles

21
Q

What do Hassall’s corpuscles look like?

A

Rings in the medulla

22
Q

Describe the pathway of cells in the thymus.

3

A

Arterial vessels bring the undifferentiated lymphocytes to the cortex

The cells then migrate to the medulla while differentiating into mature T cells

T cells leave for the systemic circulation or the lymph nodes (by lymphatic vessels)

23
Q

What happens to 98% of thymocytes?

A

They are killed as they are either useless or potentially dangerous

24
Q

What happens to the thymus as a person gets older?

A

It becomes involuted

25
Q

what is involution?

A

The infiltration of the thymus by adipose tissue

26
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

They act as filters

27
Q

How do lymph nodes act as filters?

A

They contain a honeycomb structure of connective tissue filled with lymphocytes that destroy bacteria and viruses

28
Q

What happens to the lymph nodes when there is an infection?

A

They swell due to increasing numbers of lymphocytes

29
Q

How many lymph nodes does a person have?

A

Approximately 500-600

30
Q

Give five places where there are clusters of lymph nodes.

A

Underarms

Groin

neck

Chest

Abdomen

31
Q

How are lymph nodes shaped?

A

They are bean shaped

32
Q

What is a lymph node surrounded by?

A

A capsule

33
Q

What is found inside the capsule of a lymph node?

A

The fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae

34
Q

What is the concave side of the lymph node called?

A

Hilum

35
Q

What attaches at the hilum of a lymph node?

A

The artery and vein

36
Q

What is the lymph node divided into?

3

A

The outer cortex (B-cell zone)

A paracortex (T cell zone)

An inner medulla

37
Q

What is the B cell zone of the lymph node?

A

The cortex

38
Q

What is the T cell zone of the lymph node?

A

A paracortex

39
Q

How does lymph travel to a lymph node?

A

Via afferent lymphatic vessels

40
Q

Where does lymph drain into the lymph node?

A

In a space beneath the capsule called the subcapsular sinus

41
Q

How does lymph leave the lymph node?

A

Via the efferent lymphatic vessels

42
Q

What is found in the cortex of lymph nodes?

A

Lymphoid follicles

43
Q

What occurs in the lymphoid follicles?

A

Plasma cell activation and antibody production

44
Q

List the parts of a lymph node

8

A

Cortex

Paracortex

Medulla

Lymphoid follicles

Hilum

Capsule

Subcapsular sinus

Trabeculae

1. Laboratory - Microbiology and Immunology (8 decks)

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