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GIGU Exam 1 > Organs of GI Tract Part 2 > Flashcards

Organs of GI Tract Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cecum?

A

blind pouch (intraperitoneal) continuous w/ ileum & ascending colon

also where appendix attaches (@ posterior-medial cecum)

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2
Q

What is the ileal papilla?

A

cone-like projection of ileum into the cecum

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3
Q

Describe the external features of the large intestine

A

3 tenia coli

longitudinal bands of smooth m, haustra & appendices epiploicae

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4
Q

What is the role of the appendix?

A

contains several lymphoid nodules (part of immune system)

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5
Q

What are signs of acute appendicitis?

A

ill looking pt, low grade fever

coughing may cause increased pain

tenderness @ McBurney’s point (involuntary guarding)

pain felt in RLQ during palpation of LLQ (Rovsing’s sign)

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6
Q

Where is McBurney’s point?

A

2/3 along line from umbilicus to ASIS

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7
Q

What is an ileal diverticulum?

A

inflammation of intestines near ileocecal junction

mimicks pain produced by acute appendicitis

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8
Q

What is the role of the ileocecal valve?

A

regulates passage of ileal contents into cecum

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9
Q

Where is the ascending colon and to what does it connect?

A

retroperitoneal organ adj to R paracolic gutter

connects to cecum & to transverse colon @ R colic (hepatic) flexure

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10
Q

Where is the transverse colon and to what does it connect?

A

intraperitoneal (suspended by transverse mesocolon)

continuous w/ descending colon @ L colic (splenic) flexure

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11
Q

Where is the descending colon and to what does it connect?

A

retroperitoneal & medial to L paracolic gutter

continuous w/ sigmoid colon

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12
Q

What does the sigmoid colon connect to?

A

suspended by sigmoid mesocolon & continuous w/ rectum @ level of S3

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13
Q

What occurs in a volvulus of the sigmoid colon?

A

rotation & twisting of mobile loop of sigmoid colon & sigmoid mesocolon

leads to obstruction of lumen of descending colon & part of sigmoid colon next to twist

blocks passage of fecal matter & can lead to ischemia (ACUTE SURGICAL EMERGENCY)

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14
Q

Where is the rectum located?

A

retroperitoneal & subperitoneal

located in pelvic cavity & ant to sacrum

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15
Q

What does the rectum contain?

A

3 transverse rectal folds that overlie thickened parts of circular muscle layers

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16
Q

What portion of the rectum is covered by peritoneum?

A

only the upper surface of the rectum

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17
Q

What is the terminal part of the intestinal tract?

A

the anal canal

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18
Q

Where is the pectinate line located?

A

@ inferior ends of anal valves

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19
Q

What is the significance of the pectinate live?

A

above line is visceral sensory Ns & transitional epithelium

below is somatic sensory Ns & squamous epithelium

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20
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle & controlled by parasymp Ns

sensory fibers signal urge to defecate

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21
Q

External anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, under conscious control

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22
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

in L hypochondriac region parallel to L ribs 9-11 (intra-peritoneal organ)

located along mid-axillary line (btwn stomach & diaphragm)

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23
Q

What ligaments attach to the spleen?

A

gastrosplenic L

splenorenal L

24
Q

Describe the anatomical relationships of the spleen

A

anterior=stomach & tail of pancreas
posterior=diaphragm
inferior=left colic flexure
medial=left kidney & phrenicocolic ligament

25
Q

When is the spleen susceptible to rupture?

A

outer covering of spleen is weak & can cause bleed if torn

becomes enlarged w/ infection like mono

26
Q

What is important when performing a splenic needle biopsy?

A

need to consider costodiaphragmatic recess of pleural cavity

potential space that if entered could cause inflammation of pleura

27
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

retroperitoneal organ

located @ level of L1-L2

28
Q

What does the head of the pancreas contact?

A

head of pancreas lies in curvature of duodenum

29
Q

What is significant about the neck of the pancreas?

A

overlies superior mesenteric artery

30
Q

What is the importance of the tail of the pancreas?

A

located w/ in splenorenal ligament

adj to hilum of spleen

31
Q

What is the main pancreatic duct?

A

begins in tail of pancreas & joins common bile duct

32
Q

What prevents bile from entering pancreas?

A

sphincter of main pancreatic duct

33
Q

What is the sphincter of ODI?

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter (where bile & pancreatic ducts merge)

34
Q

Describe the anatomic relationships of the pancreas

A 
anterior=lesser sac & stomach
posterior=aorta, IVC, splenic v, common bile duct, R crus of diaphragm, L kidney, superior mesenteric A & V
right=duodenum
L=spleen
inferior=duodenum
35
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

RUQ w/ left lobe in LUQ

36
Q

Where does the IVC contact the liver?

A

at the diaphragmatic surface (where not covered by peritoneum)

37
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

transverse fissure on visceral surface of the liver

transmits the proper hepatic artery, the portal vein & the common bile duct

38
Q

What is found in the left sagittal fissure of the liver?

A

ligamentum teres (obliterated umbilical v)

39
Q

What is found in the right sagittal fissure of the liver?

A

contains gall bladder & IVC

40
Q

What separates the quadrate and caudate lobes of the liver?

A

porta hepatis

41
Q

How are the right and left lobes of the liver separated?

A

by the falciform ligament

42
Q

Which segments make up the L lobe of the liver?

A

I, II, III, IV

43
Q

Which segments make up the R lobes of the liver?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

44
Q

What is the significance of lobes of liver?

A

R & L lobes are physiologically independent

can surgically remove segments/lobes & retain liver function (can remove w/o bleeding b/c branches of hepatic portal vessels & ducts do NOT communicate btwn L & R)

45
Q

Liver biopsy

A

needle inserted thru R 10th intercostal space & mid-axillary line

need pt to fully exhale to avoid entering costodiaphragmatic recess & damaging lungs

46
Q

Coronary ligaments

A

reflection of visceral peritoneum from liver to diaphragm

47
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lesser omentum?

A

hepatogastric L

hepatoduodenal L

48
Q

What does the hepatoduodenal L contain?

A

proper hepatic A, heptal portal v, common bile duct, lymphatic vessels & hepatic Ns

49
Q

What defines alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

hepatomegaly & hobnail appearance of liver surface

due to fatty changes & fibrosis

50
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

gall stones in gall bladder (cholesterol crystals)

can be loged in cystic ducts, hepatic duct, or hepatopancreatic ampulla

51
Q

How can gall stones cause pancreatitis?

A

block heptaopancreatic ampulla which blocks common bile & pancreatic duct

bile will back up into pancreas

52
Q

What are the common risk factors for gall stones & gall bladder disease?

A

female
forty
fertile

53
Q

What is obstructive jaundice?

A

stones inside common bile duct & biliary tree

54
Q

Describe pathway of biliary system

A 
bile canaliculi from liver cells
interlobular bile ducts
R & L hepatic ducts (to drain lobes of liver)
common hepatic duct + cystic duct
common bile duct
55
Q

Where is the gallbladder located?

A

lies w/ in hepatic fossa

contacts anterior ab wall @ 9th costal cartilage

GIGU Exam 1 (5 decks)

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