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GIGU Exam 1 > Histology of the Esophagus & Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of the Esophagus & Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Four layers of GI Tract

A

from lumen to superficial:

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

What is the serosa continuous with?

A

the mesentery

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the mucosal layers?

A

lining epithelium
lamina propria (vascularized loose CT)
muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

What is the role of the muscularis mucosae?

A

in the mucosal layer of GI tract

controls mobility of mucosa & mucosal glands (only involved in movement of mucs)

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5
Q

What is the submucosal layer comprised of?

Where do we see glands in the submucosal layer?

A

dense irreg CT w/ neurovasc & lymphatics

in eosphagus & duodenum

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6
Q

What is the muscularis layer comprised of?

A

2 layers of smooth m (inner circular & outer longitudinal ms)

neurvoasc plexus resides between layers

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7
Q

When is the serosal layer covered by mesothelium?

A

when digestive tube is suspended by mesentery/peritoneal fold

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8
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found?

A

in the stomach

simple columnar epithelium & mucosa packed w/ glands

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9
Q

Where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

in the SI (jejunum & ileum)

simple columnar epi & mucosa arranged as vili w/ crypts

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10
Q

Where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

A

in LI

simple columnar epi & mucosa arranged into closely packed glands

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11
Q

What is distinctive feature of absorptive/protective mucosa?

A

extensive goblet cells

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12
Q

What nerves make up the parasympathetic portion of the extrinsic nervous system of the G.I.?

A

The vagus nerve – up to the splenic flexure

The pelvic splanchnics – after the splenic flexure

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13
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves for the G.I. synapse?

A

The celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia.

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14
Q

What is the location and function of the plexus of Meissner?

A

The (submucosal) plexus of Meissner is located in the submucosa, and controls glandular secretion via control of the muscularis mucosae.

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15
Q

What is the location and function of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?

A

The myenteric plexus of Auerbach is located in between the layers of the muscularis externa and controls peristalsis (& movements of muscularis mucosae)

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16
Q

In terms of motility of the G.I., what would be the function of a presynaptic axon?

A

Preganglionic axons (of the parasympathetics) increase motility.

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17
Q

What is unique about the serosa layer of the esophagus?

A

in thorax-esophagus has adventitia

inferior to diaphragm-esophagus has serosa

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18
Q

Where are the cardiac esophageal glands located?

In which histological layer are they found?

A

The cardiac esophageal glands are located in the terminal portion of the esophagus (near the cardia of the stomach & secrete added mucus to protect esophagus from regurgitation of acid)

The cardiac esophageal glands are located in the lamina propria of the mucosa

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19
Q

How might submucosal glands of the esophagus be able to regulate the viscosity of their secretion?

A

They contain both mucus and serous cell types, and are drained by a single duct

20
Q

Mucosa of esophagus

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epi w/ many folds

muscularis mucosae only in lower segemtn

21
Q

What is found in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

submucosal venous plexuses that drain into systemic & portal venous system

increased pressure can cause dilation of these venous sinuses (esophageal varices)

22
Q

Describe the muscular layer throughout the esophagus

A

upper 1/3=skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary)
middle 1/3=skeletal & smooth m
lower 1/3=smooth m (involuntary)

23
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Barrett’s esophagus is when GERD becomes chronic, and the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus becomes mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium (added growth of new epi in lower portions of esoph becomes problematic)

24
Q

What is GERD?

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

leads to chronic inflammation, ulceration & difficulty in swallowing due to reflux of gastric contents thru LES

25
Q

What characterizes the gastroesophageal junction?

A

A drastic change in epithelium from non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, to the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach

stomach also looks glandular w/ many pits

26
Q

What is the orad region of the stomach?

What is its role?

A

fundus & upper part of body of stomach

relaxes during swallowing to receive food

27
Q

What is the caudad region of the stomach?

What is its role?

A

lower portion of body & the antrum

participates in regulation of gastric emptying

28
Q

What is unique about the mucosa layer in the stomach?

A

gastric mucosal barrier protects mucosal surface (from acidic secretions)

many rugae (folds) that allow for mechanical & chemical breakdown of food

29
Q

Where do we find the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands of the stomach histologically?

A

In the lamina propria of the mucosa

30
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Openings of the cardiac, gastric, and pyloric glands into the lumen of the stomach.

31
Q

What is different about the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

It contains an external longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and an extra inner oblique layer.

32
Q

Where does the circular muscle layer of the stomach thicken?

A

in pyloric region to form the pyloric sphincter (where leads into proximal duodenum)

thickening of inner circumferential layer of muscularis externa

33
Q

What is the function of the isthmus of the gastric pit/gland?

A

Is the location of undifferentiated stem cells, which mostly differentiate into the surface mucous cells of the gastric pit.

34
Q

What do mucous cells appear histologically?

What is the role of mucous cells in stomach?

A

deep into glands with round nuclei & secretory granules

produce mucus layer that forms insoluble gel that attaches to surface of gastric mucosa to neutralize microenvironment to more basic pH (protects epi lining of stomach)

35
Q

Hallmark of chief cells

A

abundant RER & apical secretory granules (super densely stained in H&E)

36
Q

Role of chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen (digest of proteins)

produce gastric lipase (digest of lipids)

37
Q

Hallmark of parietal cells

A

large cells (puffy) in round or pyramid shape

1 or 2 central round nucleus

cytoplasm will be intensely stained b/c many mitochondria

38
Q

Role of parietal cells

A

located near neck/upper segment of gastric gland

produce HCL & intrinsic factor

39
Q

Where are enteroendocrine cells found? What is their role?

A

epithelial cells in gastric mucosa w/ endocrine/paracrine functions

secrete range of products (hormones) needed for digestive functions

40
Q

Hallmark of cardiac glands

Role of cardiac glands

A

appear circular & oblique in sections (near esophageal opening)

tubular, coiled, branched glands that have mucus secreting cells (only secrete mucus)

41
Q

Hallmark of pyloric glands

Role of pyloric glands

A

large & pale w/ elongated pits

branched, coiled, tubular glands btwn fundus & pylorus that also contain lymphoid nodules in lamina propria (immune function)

42
Q

What cell type is contained in the gastric pit?

A

Surface mucous cells

43
Q

What cell types are contained in the neck of a gastric gland?

A

Mucus neck cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Parietal cells

44
Q

What cell types are contained in the fundus of a gastric gland?

A

Chief cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Parietal cells (some)

45
Q

What is the difference between an “open” and “closed” enteroendocrine cell?

A

Open enteroendocrine cells have a thin protrusion of cytoplasm with microvilli that can receive signals from the lumen of the gland.

Closed enteroendocrine cells do not reach the lumen of the gland, and must be regulated by paracrine and neural mechanisms.

46
Q

What region of the stomach has deep gastric pits, an increase in mucus secretion, and GALT?

A

The pyloric region of the stomach around the pyloric glands

GIGU Exam 1 (5 decks)

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