Organs And Systems Flashcards
What are the 5 main systems?
Respiratory, Circulatory, musculoskeletal, nerve, digestive.
What is the order of organs in the digestive tract?
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine (small bowel)
- Large intestine (colon) (large bowel)
- Rectum and anus (also large bowel)
What’s the order of tissue in the digestive tubes/tract (from outside in)
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nerve tissue (runs through the tissue all the way to inner epithelial)
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue (with goblet cells)
7*. Villi epithelial tissue (only in small intestine)
What are goblet cells used for?
Secreting mucus.
What is the function of mucus in the digestive tract?
- Provide a smoother, slippery surface for food to slide down
- Protects digestive tract tissue from digestive enzymes
What’s the two kinds of digestion? What are the differences?
Chemical- enzymes and acid dissolves the food
Mechanical- chewing or smooshing of food (like teeth or stomach contracting)
What’s the function of esophagus?
- Connects mouth and stomach and moves food down through slow sweeping muscle contractions (that’s why there’s smooth muscle tissue)
What’s the function of the stomach?
-Stores and breaks down food
-uses acids and enzymes to dissolve food
-contractions of smooth muscle tissue mixes the food around (mechanical digestion)
What’s the structure of small intestine? Function?
-Long narrow coiled stretch of digestive tract
-Would be about 6 meters stretched out
-where most digestion occurs (nutrients taken)
-lots of capillaries in the tissue to absorb the nutrients.
- villi increase surface area to increase diffusion efficiency
- goblet cells in epithelial tissue creates mucus
What is the function of the Large intestine (colon).
The lining of the large intestine absorbs water from the leftover waste. What’s left is solid fecal matter.
Function of rectum and anus.
Rectum stores fecal matter before it is released through the anus.
What structures are used to increase surface area of the small intestine to improve absorption efficiency. What type of specialized cells are they made of?
Villi made of epithelial cells.
What kind of cells create mucus? Where are they located?
Goblet cells. Small and large and intestines (bowels) and trachea.
What are the 3 main accessory organs and 1 extra in the digestive system. What does accessory mean.
Accessory organs are placed where food doesn’t directly go through, but digestion is affected by.
- Liver
- Gall bladder
- Pancreas
4*. Appendix (not really necessary)
What does the liver do?
Produces a chemical fluid called bile which allows us to digest fat into a fatty acid which is capable of being absorbed by the small bowel.
Also cleans toxins out of blood and disposes of old red blood cells.
What does the gallbladder do?
Stores bile from the liver. When signalled, it releases it into the small intestine.
What does Pancreas do?
Produces insulin.
What are enzymes.
Proteins that act as biological catalysts (things that speed up chemical reactions such as dissolving of food).
Why are CNS injuries so serious, long term, and chronic
CNS controls major functions
The brain can easily suffer permanent damage
Spinal cord is incapable of regeneration.
What is Osteoporosis? What causes it?
Osteoporosis causes brittle and weak bones due to loss of bone tissue and density (matrix of bone tissue gets thinner). Caused by loss of calcium in bones.
What is the structure of bones?
Hard dense matrices of minerals (like calcium) and collagen fibres
What are the 4 functions of bones?
Support body
Protect organs (skull and rib cage)
Movement
Structure to body
What are the structure and functions of ligaments?
Tough, and elastic. Hold bones together (ACL, PCL, etc).
What is cartilage? Function?
Dense matrix of collagen. Prevents bones from scraping and supports bones.
How do muscles contract?
Electrical signals sent from nerves.
What’s the order of structural hierarchy in animals? (Organ, cells, etc)
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
What is the septum?
Separates the left and right ventricles.
What are 4 symptoms of diabetes?
Tiredness, blurred vision, thirst, weight loss,
What is type 1 diabetes?
Immune system destroys insulin causing lack of insulin to use.
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Body doesn’t make enough insulin, or doesn’t use it properly.
Which type of diabetes is more common?
2
What are circulatory issues diabetes can cause? Why?
Buildup of glucose in blood can damage blood vessels. This can make it easier for fats to build up on arteries. If on heart, can cause MI, if on brain can cause stroke.
What is gas exchange?
Diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and CO2 to alveoli for exhale.
What are the blood clotting cells?
Platelets
What are capillaries for?
They allow gas diffusion in all the different tissues in the body to keep them oxygenated. Also pick up toxins from cells to go to liver.
What property allows oxygen to go into blood? How’s it work?
Diffusion. Substances diffuse from higher concentration areas to lower concentration areas , so high oxygen concentration alveoli diffuse O2 into blood, and blood diffuses CO2.
What special “add-on” do certain cells in the respiratory system have to deal with mucus and filtering foreign material? How’s it work?
Cilia. They are like lots of little mop strings sticking out of cell which can push mucus in unison. Also collects foreign pieces.
How do reflexes work?
When nerves bypass the brain for decision making, and the spinal cord receives the sensory input and immediately sends a signal to react fast. (Touching hot stove)
What are the three groups of periphery nerves?
Involuntary Motor nerves
Voluntary motor nerves
Sensory nerves
What are the 5 parts of a nerve cell in order of signal pathway (from one cell, through this, to another)?
Dendrites (branches)
Cell body (nucleus etc)
Axon (long fibre towards other cell)
Myelin Sheath (insulator)
Axon terminal (where signal is passed)
What part of a nerve cell passes signal to other cells?
Axon
What part of the nerve cell insulates the axon?
Myelin sheath
What part of a nerve cell receives electrical impulses from other neurons?
Dendrites
What part of the neuron is the in between section that passes the electrical signal to the next cell, and the next cell?
Axon terminal
What structure is on the inside of the small intestine to increase surface area and improve absorption efficiency?
Villi
What organ makes insulin?
Pancreas
What chemical tells the body to use the glucose in the blood?
Insulin
What are the 5 parts of a nerve cell? In order of electrical signal passed.
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Axon terminal
