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Biology 121 - Exam 2 > Organizing Principles > Flashcards

Organizing Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

Stablished the term cell to refer to the functional units of eukaryotes. Also published the first depiction of a microorganism.

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2
Q

Francesco Redi proved that…

A

…Spontaneous generation was not true through an experiment with meat.

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3
Q

Primordial Soup

A

Is one of the main hypothesis to explain how life was formed on Earth. Some scientists like Oparin and Haldane were able to demonstrate this by adding some gases together (such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, water vapor, oxygen) and lit it up with a sparkle. The result were some amino acids, which are the monomers of proteins.

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4
Q

What is the RNA-world idea?

A

It suggests that life arose from self-replicating, RNA based genes, and that only later did organisms develop the ability to store genetic information in the molecule’s close relative, DNA.

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5
Q

What are protocells?

A

They are a membrane-enclosed collection of molecules, including self-replicating RNA.

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6
Q

What are the two cell variations we find in our world?

A

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

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7
Q

What is the most defining feature of a Prokaryote?

A

It lacks a nucleus; also, it is always unicellular

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8
Q

How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar?

A

Both have ribosomes; however, prokaryotic cells have a 70-s ribosome, while eukaryotic cells havea 80-s ribosome.

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9
Q

What is the one key feature found in Eukaryotes?

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

How old is the oldest fossilized eukaryotic cells?

A

1.8 billion years old but there are proofs that they might have existed about 2.7 billion years ago because of cholesterol markers found in rocks.

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11
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory and what are the features that support it?

A

It is the theory that affirms that mitochondrias used to be aerobic bacterias that were engulfed by cells. Not only their DNA is similar to the bacterial one, they also have 70-s ribosomes, which do not exist freely in eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cellular processes and holds the DNA.

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

Break down sugars and produce ATP; in the process it kicks off carbon dioxide.

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14
Q

Cell membrane

A

It regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structure and support for the cell; it aids in cellular movement using the micro tubules and micro filaments.

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

It is considered the packing and shipping center of the cell. It will use vesicles to transport substances. Vesicles are identical to the cell membrane, so once they reach it, they will merge, fold outwardly, and release the contents into the cell membrane. (Stack of pancakes)

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

The recycling center for eukaryotic cells. They do not produce energy, so cannot be compared to mitochondria

18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has a maze-like appearance and stays not far away from the nucleus. Its main job is to produce and transport lipids.

19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Its surface is covered with ribosomes and its main job is to produce and transport proteins.

20
Q

The main difference between human cells and plant cells is…

A

…the presence of a cell wall. They also don’t have Lysosomes.

21
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A watery structure that holds water and other important substances the cell can use.

22
Q

What is the chloroplasts main function?

A

Taking sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water and transforming them in energy to charge ATP and NADPH. They also cleave CO2 and turn it into a 6-glucose.

23
Q

What is Plasmodesmata?

A

Channels connecting one cell to the next.

24
Q

What is the Endomembrane System?

A

It is a system of membranes that involve the organelles. Everything in a cell are membrane bound. Except ribosomes; they are non-membrane bound organelles.

25
Q

What is the path of protein in the cell?

A

They are formed by the ribosomes with the help of RNA; they will be modified and transported by the rough ER, which will send them to the Golgi apparatus that will wrap them in a vesicle and they will either be sent to merge the cellular membrane or will stay in the cell.

26
Q

Which biological process is likely responsible for the origin of the eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors?

A

Endosymbiotic evolution

27
Q

What are the two types of transport found in the cell?

A

Passive and active transport

28
Q

Everything on Earth is trying to reach…

A

…equilibrium. That is why the substances move from high to low concentration

29
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, until equilibrium is reached. This is due to the concentration gradient.

30
Q

What are the five principles of diffusion

A

1 – Down a concentration gradient. A gradient means slope (?).
2 – Larger gradient the faster the gradient.
3 – Continues until gradient is eliminated (when everything is balanced)
4 – Diffusion does not work over long distances, only over short distances
5 – The lighter the solute, the faster is going to move (the smaller the weight)

31
Q

What are the molecules that can pass faster through the membrane because of direct passage?

A

O2, CO2, N2, Steroids

32
Q

Large polar molecules have…

A

…small permeability

33
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane

34
Q

What are Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic solutions?

A

Iso = same; hypo = under (cell pops); hyper = over (cell shrinks)

35
Q

What are the three different types of transport proteins?

A

Passive carrier proteins, active carrier proteins, and channel proteins (do not require energy)

36
Q

What are the transport proteins used by water in osmosis?

A

Aquaporins

37
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Channel proteins allow the flow of ions and other polar molecules through membranes down concentration gradients.

38
Q

ATP and ADP

A

Adenoside triphosphate; adenosine diphosphate

39
Q

Active transport

A

Moving molecules from low to high concentration (against the gradient)

40
Q

Main example of active transport

A

Sodium (3) and potassium (2) pump

41
Q

Water has the lowest membrane permeability

A

False. It is steroids

Biology 121 - Exam 2 (4 decks)

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