Organizing and Scheduling Pracitice Flashcards
How does motivation affect performers?
Motivated performers will devote more hours
Practice more seriously
Have longer practice session
What is intrinsic motivation?
A learners internal drive to learn a skill
What determines intrinsic motivation?
Autonomy - Control
Competence - mastery
Relatedness - acceptance
How does goal setting effect performance?
Learners are encouraged to adopt specific performance goals
After a retention test groups with specific goals performed better.
What is augmented feedback?
Information provided to the learner from an external source
Providing feedback improves motor learning, even when given false feedback.
How does self regulation effect performance?
Giving learners ownership over some of the components of practice increases performance because they feel autonomy.
What is yoking?
When one individual is asked to create a practice and perform it (performance is increased) and then the next person does the same practice but their performance in decreased because they did not have a say.
What are instructions?
Spoken or written to provide information about aspects of a skill
What creates a better performance, directing attentional focus to external or internal focus?
External focus
What is mental practice?
Learner thinks about the skill and goes through steps sequentially
Controversy over whether or not there are benefits of mental practice.
Is mental practice really motor learning?
Mental practice is not as effective as physical practice but facilitates learning
Benefits of mental practice are not restricted to cognitive tasks or cognitive learning stage
Is more practice always better?
Intensive practice will not always facilitate the most learning. Learners are not always aware of the optimal conditions for learning
There needs to be a balance
What is massed practice?
A practice schedule with short rest periods
What is distributed practice?
A practice schedule with long rest periods between practice trials
What are (dis)advantages of massed vs distributed?
Massed = more practice (more fatigue) Distributed = less practice (less fatigue)
Why does rest not benefit discrete tasks?
Cannot make rest short enough to matter
Massed is best for discrete
What type of practice is better for continuous tasks?
When a task is longer we see significant differences between groups practicing with different amounts of rest between trials.
1) Longer rest = better performance and learning
2) difference between rest groups get smaller on retention tests
What does more practice result in?
More effective learning, less efficiency
How do we increase efficiency during rest?
Insert periods of mental practice by observing during rest
This can increase ability to self detect/correct errors
What is schema theory?
Suggests how we learn general motor programs by learning sets of rules relating surface features to parameters
How does schema theory solve storage problem?
You don’t need to remember every parameter, only the underlying function
How doe the schema theory solve the novelty problem/
You can estimate a new parameter value from a stored function
What is constant practice?
Practicing only a single member of a class of movements
What is variable practice?
Practicing several members of a class of movements
What has better performance during acquisition?
Constant practice
What has better performance on a transfer test?
Variable practice (more generalization)
What is blocked practice?
Many trials of one task practiced consecutively before moving to another
What is random practice?
Practice trials from several different tasks are completed in a random order
What is the Shea and Morgan experiment?
Blocked = better during acquisition
Random = better during retention
Benefits of random practice extend to the scheduling of variable practice
Why is random practice effective? (elaboration theory)
Frequent task changes forces the learner to make the tasks more distinct, making them meaningful and better remembered
Why is random practice effective? (forgetting hypothesis)
Frequent task changes causes new motor solutions to be generated each time a task is newly encountered. Re-solving the motor problem means performance is low during learning but learning solution means it is retained better
When is random practice limited?
When the task is too easy or too hard.
