Organizational Behaviour Flashcards by Shane A

These four MARS variables are the direct predictors of employee performance, customer service, coworker collegiality, ethical behaviour, and all other forms of voluntary behaviour in the workplace

Motivation, abilities, role perceptions, situational factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There are many varieties of individual behaviour, but most can be organized into the five categories:

task performance, maintaining attendance, joining/staying with an organization, organizational citizenship, counter-productive behaviours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Being present at work but one’s capacity to perform is significantly diminished due to illness or other factors

Presenteeism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cooperation/helpfulness supporting organization’s social and psychological context

Organizational citizenship

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the components of the Five Factor Model?

Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Extraversion

*CANOE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to the five factor model, what factor is the best predictor of job success in high levels?

Conscientiousness (organized, goal focused, methodical, dependable)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The type of values that have consistency between actions and proclaimed values

Espoused-enacted values

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ethical principle that refers to accomplishing the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people…

Utilitarianism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ethical principle that refers to everyone being able to do their own thing…

Individual rights

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ethical principle that prefers to distributing ethics proportionately to those who have different needs…

Distributive justice

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 core components of self-concept?

Complexity (# of roles), consistency (roles consistent with other roles), clarity (degree of defined self-concept)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 processes of self-concept?

Self-enhancement, self-verification, self-evaluation, social self

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Assigning characteristics to certain groups (categorical thinking) is the process of…

Stereotyping

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forming social identity through comparison is the process of…

Categorization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thinking all in a single group are similar is referred to as…

Homogenization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thinking their are more favourable characteristics in your own group is known as…

Differentiation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This theory supports that we rely on the three attribution rules—consistency, distinctiveness, consensus—to decide whether someone’s behaviour and performance are mainly caused by their personal characteristics or environmental influences

Attribution theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the tendency to attribute failures to external causes?

Self-serving bias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are knowledge structures created to explain the world?

Mental models

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This effect is a general impression that distorts one’s true perception of a person

Halo effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This effect overestimates the shared beliefs/behaviours between one and another person

False-consensus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This effect forms an opinion of someone based on only the initial information

Primacy effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This effect only focuses on the most recent information obtained about a person

Recency effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The team development process involves…

Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This method of decision making involves a team thinking of as many ideas as possible

Brainstorming

This method of decision making involves a team writing down as many ideas as possible

Brainwriting

This method of decision making involves a team entering their ideas using special computer software. The ideas are distributed anonymously to other participants, who are encouraged to piggyback on those ideas. Team members eventually vote electronically on the ideas presented.

Electronic brainstorming

This method of decision making involves team members silently and independently write down as many solutions as they can. In the second stage, participants describe their solutions to the other team members, usually in a round-robin format. In the third stage, participants silently and independently rank-order or vote on each proposed solution.

Nominal group technique

What are the three different levels of trust ranked from lowest to highest?

Identification-based, knowledge-based, calculus-trust

The listening process where participants use sensing, evaluating, and responding

Active listening

What is the difference between task conflict and relationship conflict?

Task conflict is focused on the issue, respective, not hostile, most beneficial. Relationship conflict focuses on interpersonal differences, undermines competence, reduces trust, and uses defensive mechanisms.

What are some good ways to minimize conflict?

Speak of facts, supportive team norms, team cohesion, empathetic active listening

Incompatible goals, differentiation, task interdependence, scare resources, ambiguous rules and communication problems are examples of....

structural sources of conflict

What interpersonal conflict management style focuses on accomplishing a win/win outcome?

Problem solving

What interpersonal conflict management style creates a win/lose outcome?

Forcing

What interpersonal conflict management style doesn't resolve conflict and increases frustration?

Avoiding

To reduce conflict is it better to increase or decrease task interdependence?

Decrease

The psychological, behavioural, and physiological episodes that create a state of readiness

Emotions

Judgement about objects, mainly rational

Attitudes

The beliefs, feelings, behavioural intentions, and behaviours one has

Cognitive processes

Perception that beliefs, feelings and behaviour are incongruent with each other

Cognitive dissonance

Emotional labour is higher in jobs requiring frequent ______,_______, and _______

emotional display, variety, intensity

Write the components of the emotional intelligence model from lowest to hardest

Ability to know own emotions, ability to know others emotions, ability to manage own emotions, ability to manage others emotions

The appraisal of perceived job characteristics, work environment, and emotional experience at work

Job satisfaction

Organizational commitment can be categorized as either ________ or ________

Affective (wants to stay) or continuance (no choice but to stay)

The three stages of stress are:

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

In terms of managing stressors, removing the stressor focuses on ....

A work/life balance

In terms of managing stressors, withdraw focuses on...

vacation, rest breaks

In terms of managing stressors, change stress perceptions focuses focuses on...

positive self-concept, humor

In terms of managing stressors, control stress consequences focuses on...

healthy lifestyle, wellness

Defined as the combined intensity, persistence, and direction...

Motivation

What is a drive and what is a need?

Drives are primary needs, hardwired brain activity, prime motivators. Needs are goal-directed (decisions).

What are the three elements of the learned needs theory?

Need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power

What are the components of the four drive theory?

Acquire, bond, comprehend, defend *Should provide balanced opportunity for e'e to fulfill all drives

What are the three components of the expectancy theory of motivation?

Effort to performance (belief effort will result in certain performance), performance to outcome (belief performance will result in certain outcome), outcome valences (anticipated satisfaction)

Behaviour Modification Theory involves what components?

changing Behaviour through Antecedents and Consequences *ABC

What is the most effective reinforcement in behaviour modification?

Continuous reinforcement

The theory that states we learn through observing and modeling others, and anticipating behaviour outcomes

Social Cognitive Theory

Behaviour modeling increases ________

self-efficacy

Goals must be SMART. This means they must be...

Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-framed

A goal-setting and reward system that translates the organization’s vision and mission into specific, measurable performance goals related to financial, customer, internal, and learning/growth (i.e., human capital) processes

Balanced scorecard

The best feedback method for negative feedback

Nonsocial

The perceived fairness in outcomes received relative to our contributions and those of others

Distributive justice

The perceived fairness in procedures used to decide distribution of resources

Procedural justice

Equity theory involves...

an input/output ratio

Benefits, paid time off, and fixed pay are examples of...

Membership & security-based rewards

Promotion-based pay increases are an example of...

Job status-based rewards

Pay increase based on competency and skill-based pay are examples of...

Competency-based rewards

Commissions and share options are examples of...

Performance/task-based rewards

You can improve reward effectiveness by...

linking to performance, rewards relevant, team rewards for interdependent jobs, valued rewards

The theory that states you get satisfaction when fulfilling growth and esteem needs and sadness when lower order needs are not met

Motivator-hygiene theory

Motivators to keep in mind when looking at job design include...

job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment

The job characteristic model for effective job design includes...

skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and job feedback

The view that effective decision makers identify, select, and apply best alternatives

Rational choice paradigm

The rational choice paradigm is composed of 2 elements:

Subjective expected utility | Decision making process

5 problem identification challenges

``` Solution focused (too focused on solution vs problem) Mental models (could be difference in mental models) Decisive leadership Stakeholder framing (perceptions can frame how peeps give you information) Perceptual defense (trying to keep positive outlook, block out bad news) ```

True or false: Individuals rather than groups are better at evaluating alternatives simultaneously

False, groups are better

These are the biased decision heuristics impacting your choices

Anchoring Availability Representativeness (base probability of similar incidents)

The 3 step process of making effective decisions:

1. Evaluate alternatives against relevant factors 2. Be aware of the effects of emotions on decision making preferences and evaluation process 3. Scenario planning

The decision evaluating problem that only allows you to accept things that go with the original idea is called...

Confirmation bias

The decision evaluating problem where one commits to bad ideas even in the face of negative outcomes

Escalation of commitment *Caused by self-justification, self-enhancement, prospect theory (stronger negative emotions than positive ones), sunk costs

What are the sources of power in the workplace?

Legitimate, reward, coercive, referent, expert

What are the contingencies of power which impact one's power over others?

Substitability, centrality, visibility, discretion

What are the different types of influence?

Silent authority, assertiveness, information control, coalition formation, upward appeal, persuasion, impression management, exchange

What leadership method involves delegating, team benefits, shared opportunities, and developing skills?

Shared leadership

What leadership method involves a strategic vision, model vision, encouraging experimentation, and built commitment?

Transformational leadership

The leadership style that focuses on assigning work, clarifying responsibilities, setting goals/deadlines, and establishes procedures....

Task-oriented behaviour

The leadership style that focuses on a concern for e'e, a pleasant workplace, recognizing e'e contributions, and listening to e'e...

People-oriented behaviour

What are the 4 main styles of path-goal leadership, which influences e'e to achieve their desired performance?

Directive, supportive, participative, achievement-oriented

Skill and experience, locus of control, task structure, and team dynamics are ....

contingencies of leadership

Personality, self-concept, leadership motivation, drive, integrity, knowledge of business, cognitive/practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence are all considered....

attributes of leadership

Refers to the number of people directly reporting to the next level

Span of control

Formal authority held by few at the top

Centralization

Standardizing behaviour through rules/procedures/training

Formalization

An organizational structure with a wide span of control, decentralized, and low formalization

Organic structure

An organizational structure with a small span of control, centralized, and highly formalized

Mechanic structure

Observable symbols/signs of culture

Artifacts

Artifacts refer to...

physical structures, language, rituals and ceremonies, and stories and legends *stories and legends most effective

When merging organizational cultures assimilation refers to...

acquired company embracing the new culture

When merging organizational cultures deculturization refers to....

imposing existing culture on the unwilling acquired company

When merging organizational cultures integration refers to...

having both cultures combined

When merging organizational cultures separation refers to....

having two distinct cultures

Best ways to strengthen/change organizational culture...

``` Actions of founders/leaders Aligning artifacts Culturally consistent rewards Support workforce stability and communication Attracting, selecting, socializing e'e ```

The theory that states that organizations develop stronger cultures through attraction, selection, and attrition

Attraction-Selection-Attrition Theory

The force field analysis model of organizational change refers to restraining forces such as...

complaints, noncompliance

The 6 steps to reduce restraining forces in organizational change...

1. communication 2. learning 3. involvement 4. stress management 5. negotiation 6. coercion (when all else fails)

The approach that outlines the path of organizational change "need for change -> intervention -> evaluate/stabilize change" is referred to as...

Action-Research approach