Organization of the Hematological System and Whole blood Flashcards
____________ is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix.
Blood
three general functions of blood
Transportation, regulation, and protection
What function of blood?
1) Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body and
carbon dioxide (a waste product of cellular respiration; see Chapter 20
Figure 20.3) from the cells to the lungs.
2) It also carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells, heat
and waste products away from cells, and hormones from endocrine
glands to other body cells.
Transportation
What Function of Blood?
-Blood helps regulate the pH of body fluids. The heat-absorbing and coolant properties of the water in blood plasma.
-Blood osmotic pressure also influences the water content of cells.
Regulation.
What Function of blood?
1) Blood clots (becomes gel-like) in response to an injury, which protects
against its excessive loss from the Cardiovascular System.
2) white blood cells protect against disease by
carrying on phagocytosis and producing proteins called antibodies.
3) Blood contains additional proteins, called interferons and complement,
that also help protect against disease.
Protection
True/False
Blood is denser and more viscous (thicker) than water
True
Blood temperature is about what?
38°C (100.4°F).
PH range for blood
7.35 to 7.45
Blood constitutes about what % of the total body weight?
8%
Average blood volume in an adult male
5-6 L
Avg blood volume in an adult female
4 to 5 L
The two portions of blood
Blood Plasma
Formed Elements
What portion of blood is the cells and cell fragments
Formed elements
What portion of blood is the liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances?
Blood plasma
Blood is about __% formed elements.
1) More than __% of formed elements are red blood cells, the rest consist
of white blood cells and platelets.
2) Pale, colorless white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets occupy less than
__% of total blood volume.
45%
99%
1%
The remaining 55% of the blood volume is the liquid portion of the blood known as ____
Plasma
_____ is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
Hematocrit (HCT)
HCT is expressed as a percentage
Normal range for males ____
Normal Range for females _____
M: 42%- 52%
F: 37%-47%
What is this ?
Made up of the WBCs and platelets which are <1% of
total blood volume.
very thin layer, lies between the packed RBCs
and blood plasma in centrifuged blood.
Buffy coat
______ is about 91.5% water, 7% proteins, and 1.5% solutes other than proteins
Blood Plasma
The most plentiful plasma proteins are the ___________, which account for about 54% of all plasma proteins
albumins
Proteins in the blood are synthesized mainly by what organ?
Liver
Hemoglobin transports about ___% of Carbon dioxide in the blood
23%
A healthy adult male has about ____ RBC per uL of blood
5.4 M
A healthy adult female has about ____ RBC per uL of blood
4.8 million
Red blood cells live only about ___ days because of wear and tear on their plasma membranes as they squeeze through blood capillaries.
120
Normal range for WBC per uL
5000-10,000/uL
WBCs are classified as either _____ or ______, depending on whether they contain chemical- filled cytoplasmic granule (vesicles) that are made
visible by staining when viewed through a light microscope.
granular or agranular
What Granular leukocyte
50 – 70% of all WBCs
(a Nucleus has 2-5 lobes, cytoplasm has very fine lilac
granules.
(b Phagocytosis – destroy bacteria with lysozymes, defensins and strong oxidants.
Neutrophils
What Granular leukocyte
1 – 5% of all WBCs
(a Nucleus usually has 2 lobes, cytoplasm full of large, redorange granules.
(b Suppresses effects of histamine in allergic reactions,
phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and destroys certain parasitic worms.
Eosinophils
What Granular leukocyte
0 -1% of all WBCs
(a Nucleus has two lobes, has large cytoplasmic granules that appear deep blue-purple.
(b Releases heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions.
Basophils
What type of leukocytes: no granules are visible under a light microscope after staining
Agranular leukocytes
What Agranular leukocyte:
20 –40% of all WBCs.
(a Nucleus is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm forms a thin rim around the nucleus that appears sky blue.
(b Mediates immune responses, including antigen antibody reactions. B cells will transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells. While Natural killer cells attack a wide variety of microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.
Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and Natural Killer cells)
What Agranular leukocyte:
1- 6% of all WBCs.
(a Nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped, cytoplasm is blue-gray and has a foamy appearance.
(b Phagocytic (will transform into a fixed histiocyte or a
wandering macrophage).
Monocytes
What Agranular leukocyte:
150,000 – 400,000/uL
(a Cell fragments that live for 5-9 days, they contain many vesicles but no nucleus.
(b Form platelet plug during hemostasis, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting.
Platelets
What stem cell has the capacity to develop into different cell types
(a) Blood cell production, called hemopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow.
(b) With stimulation by specific hormones these stem cells will further differentiate into 2 cell lines: Myeloid and Lymphoid
Pluripotent Stem Cells
What stem cells differentiate further into several specific types of cells which mature in the bone marrow. These cells are as follows:
a) Red cells
b) Platelets
c) Eosinophils
d) Mast cells
e) Basophils
f) Neutrophils
g) Monocytes
Myeloid stem cells
What stem cells begin development in bone marrow but mature in the lymphatic tissues. These cell are as follows:
a) T Cells
b) B Cells
c) Natural Killer Cells
Lymphoid stem cells
______ are Immature neutrophils. Nucleus has horseshoe shape and has not developed enough to be a segmented neutrophil.
1) >10% considered abnormal and maybe due to a left shift. Body is fighting infection so long that bone marrow cannot keep up and has to send out
immature neutrophils to continue fighting infection.
2) A left shift is usually considered a poor prognosis.
Bands
_____ are associated with myelodysplastic disorders.
1) Cytopenias with hyper-cellular bone marrow.
2) Morphologic abnormalities in one or more hematopoietic cell lines.
Blast
