LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS =] Flashcards
What body system responsible for adaptive immunity which consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue, and red bone marrow
Lymphatic System……
Each day, about ___ liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces.
20
About __ liters of the fluid filtered daily from the arterial end of blood capillaries return to the blood directly by reabsorption at the venous
end of the capillaries.
-The remaining __ liters per day pass first into lymphatic vessels and are then returned to the blood.
17
3
Lymphatic System Three Primary Functions:
Drains excess interstitial fluid.
Transports Dietary Lipids.
Carries out Immune Responses.
What Lymphatic System function
Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked proteins from tissue spaces and return them to the blood
(a) This activity helps maintain fluid balance in the body and prevents depletion of vital plasma proteins.
Drains excess interstitial fluid
What Lymphatic System function
Lymphatic vessels transport the lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood.
Transports Dietary Lipids.
What Lymphatic System function
Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells.
Carries out Immune Responses
Lymphatic vessels begin as _________.
lymphatic capillaries
From the lymphatic vessels, lymph eventually passes into one of two main channels:
The thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.
_______ the main lymphcollecting duct, receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs.
The thoracic duct
_______ drains lymph from the upper right side of the
body
The right lymphatic duct
- Ultimately, the thoracic duct empties its lymph into the junction of the ________,
- The right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into the junction of the _______
- left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
- right internal jugular and right subclavian
veins.
True/False
Lymph does not drain into the blood
False
Lymph drains back into the blood
The same two pumps that aid return of venous blood to the heart maintain the flow of lymph. What are these pumps?
Skeletal muscle pump.
Respiratory pump.
The “milking action” of ________ compresses lymphatic vessels (as well as veins) and forces lymph
toward the subclavian veins.
skeletal muscle contractions
Primary Lymphatic Organs (sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells) include:
Red bone marrow
Thymus
What is the primary lymphatic organ in flat bones and the ends of the long bones of adults? Where stem cells give rise to mature B Cells and immature T Cells.
Red bone marrow
What Primary Lymphatic Organ
T cells migrate to _______, where they mature into functional T cells. This is a two-lobed organ located posterior to the sternum. It contains large numbers of T cells and macrophages.
Thymus
The Secondary Lymphatic Organs (sites where most immune responses occur) include:
- Lymph nodes, located along lymphatic vessels
- The spleen
- Lymphatic Nodules
_____ is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body.
(a) Located between the stomach and diaphragm.
(b) Covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue.
(c) Contains two types of tissue, white pulp (lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses) and red pulp (blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed).
The Spleen
What Secondary Lymphatic Organ?
- Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule.
- They are plentiful in the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.
Lymphatic Nodules
What are the sites where most immune responses occur?
Secondary Lymphatic Organs
What is this
Includes barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes (First Line of Defense) and also includes various internal defenses (Second Line of Defense), such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
Innate Immunity
What is this
Involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells and there are two types this type of immunity: Cell mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.
Adaptive Immunity
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
what Refers to a wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins.
Innate Immunity
True/False
We are born with Innate Immunity
True
What is the first line of defense in regards to innate immunity?
Skin and mucous membranes
2nd line defense of the innate immunity : Internal defenses to include what?
Antimicrobial substances Phagocytes Natural killer cells Inflammation Fever
A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma membranes makes up the ______
complement system.
Viruses can cause disease only if they can do what?
replicate within body cells.
Iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by __________
reducing the amount of available iron.
Examples of Iron-binding proteins are
- transferrin (found in blood and tissue fluids)
- lactoferrin (found in milk, saliva, and mucus)
- ferritin (found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow),
- hemoglobin (found in red blood cells).
_______ is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage.
S/s are redness, pain, heat, and swelling
-can also cause the loss of function in the injured area,
depending on the site and extent of the injury.
Inflammation
What part of the internal defense
-Commonly occurs during infection and inflammation
-Abnormally high body temperature occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset.
-Elevated body temperature intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions
that aid repair.
Fever……
Inflammation helps restore what?
tissue homeostasis
The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens is called?
Immunology
Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes called
B cells and T cells
B cells and T cells
Both develop in primary lymphatic organs from stem cells that originate in _______
red bone marrow
B cells complete their development in
Red Bone Marrow
T cells develop from pre-T cells that migrate from red bone marrow into the _______ where they mature.
thymus
Before T cells leave the thymus or B cells leave red bone marrow, they begin to make several distinctive proteins that are inserted into their plasma membranes.
-Some of these proteins function as _____________ capable of recognizing specific antigens
antigen receptors-molecules
There are two major types of mature T cells that exit the thymus:
Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
Two types of adaptive immunity:
Cell-mediated immunity and
antibody mediated immunity
Both types of adaptive immunity are triggered by
Antigens
In ______-mediated immunity, cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens.
Cell
In _______-mediated immunity, B cells transform into plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies.
Antibody
A given antibody can bind to and inactivate a specific antigen. What type of T-Cells aid the immune responses of both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity?
Helper T cells
What type of mediated immunity is particularly effective against
1) intracellular pathogens, which include any viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are inside cells
2) some cancer cells
3) foreign tissue transplants
Cell-Mediated
_______-mediated immunity always involves cells attacking cells.
Cell-mediated
______-mediated immunity works mainly against extracellular pathogens, which include any viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluids outside cells.
Antibody-mediated
Since antibody-mediated immunity involves antibodies that bind to antigens in body humors or fluids (such as blood and lymph), it is also referred to as……..
humoral immunity
______ is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and differentiates (forms more highly specialized cells) in response to a specific antigen
Clonal selection
Clonal selection of lymphocytes occurs where?
the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.
A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to two major types of cells in the clone:
Effector cells and memory cells.
Memory or effector cells?
________include active helper T cells, which are part of a helper T cell clone; active cytotoxic T cells, which are part of a cytotoxic T cell clone; and plasma cells, which are part of a B cell clone.
Effector
True/False
Most memory cells eventually die after the immune response has been completed
FALSE
Effector cells die
True/False
Effector cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response to the antigen. However, if the same antigen enters the body again in the future, the thousands of these cells are available to initiate a far swifter reaction than occurred during the first invasion.
False
Memory cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response to the antigen.
True/False
Most memory cells do not die at the end of an immune response. Instead, they have long life spans. Often lasting for decades.
True
__________ (meaning antibody generator) causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells that react with it.
Antigen
Antigens induce plasma cells to secrete proteins known as…..
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins are grouped in five different classes, designated
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE. IgD,
What Antibody indicates a recent invasion, because they appear first and are relatively short-lived?
IGM
Resistance of the fetus and newborn to infection stems mainly from maternal ___ antibodies that cross the placenta before birth
and ____ antibodies in breast milk after birth.
IgG before birth
IgA After birth
Resistance of the fetus and newborn to infection stems mainly from maternal ___ antibodies that cross the placenta before birth and ____ antibodies in breast milk after birth.
IgG Before birth
IgA After birth
B or T
_____ cells can recognize and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid, or blood plasma
B
B or T
____ cells only recognize fragments of antigens that are processed and presented in a certain way.
T
In antigen processing, antigenic proteins are broken down into fragments and then combine with _________
MHC molecules
When an antigenic fragment comes from a _______, T cells ignore the antigen-MHC complex.
self-protein
if the fragment comes from a _______, T cells recognize the antigen-MHC as an intruder, and an adaptive immune response takes place.
foreign protein
