Organization of nervous system

Question 1

Major behavioural modes (2)

Answer 1

1. sterotyped

2. acquired

Question 2

stereotyped

Answer 2

stimulus triggers the same response e.g. breathing, blinking

Question 3

an organism is stimulus-bound when

Answer 3

it exhibits stereotyped behaviour

Question 4

behaviour is referred to as innate

Answer 4

if behaviour is the principle outcome of inherited properties of the nervous system

Question 5

acquired

Answer 5

when experience and learning modify a response to a stimulus e.g. walking, whistling, language, hunting

Question 6

Categories of Behaviour (5)

Answer 6

1. taxes 2. reflexes 3. instinctive 4. learning 5. reasoning

Question 7

taxes

Answer 7

direct orientation of an organism in respect to a gradient

Question 8

positive geotaxis

Answer 8

move downwards, towards gravity

Question 9

positive phototaxis

Answer 9

butterfly moves towards light during pursuit by a bird

Question 10

reflexes

Answer 10

responses of part of the body to a stimulus

e.g. pupilary contraction, knee jerk, coughing

Question 11

instinctive

Answer 11

simple or complex behaviours that are stereotyped for a species

Question 12

can be heritable or acquired (learned)

Answer 12

instinctive behaviours

Question 13

learning

Answer 13

change of behaviour based on experience

Question 14

habituation

Answer 14

reduction in natural response with experience

Question 15

classical conditioning

Answer 15

neutral stimulus elicits a response

Question 16

operant conditioning (trial and error learning)

Answer 16

animal is rewarded in response to a behaviour

Question 17

reasoning

Answer 17

ability to solve complex problems by more than trial and error and stimulus-bound responses

Question 18

behaviour

Answer 18

the actions and reactions of whole organisms

Question 19

bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes)

Answer 19

no nerves, directed motility with flagella, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

Question 20

protozoans/protists (single-celled eukaryotes)

Answer 20

no nerves, but evidence of multiple behavioural responses; evidence of simple learning

Question 21

can be thought of as a single receptor cell that uses organelles to effect movement

Answer 21

protozoans/protists (single-celled eukaryotes)

Question 22

only multicellular animal without nerves

Answer 22

sponges (Porifera)

Question 23

sponges

Answer 23

mechano- and chemoreceptors; movement due to amoeboid crawling of marginal cells

Question 24

carnivourous sponge (Asbestopluma hypogea)

Answer 24

captures mysid prey using filaments covered with hook-like spicules

Question 25

Asbestopluma hypogea

Answer 25

carnivorous sponge

Question 26

forcibly expel sand ‘hiccup’

Answer 26

sponges

Question 27

reassemble after grinding

Answer 27

sponges

Question 28

have genes that are highly conserved over taxonomic groups which in vertebrates control expression of eyes, brain and central nervous system

Answer 28

sponges

Question 29

coelenterate nervous system

Answer 29

least derived; best extant approximation of ancestral condition; neuronal structure and functions similar to other systems

Question 30

types of synapses (4)

Answer 30

1. electrical and chemical
2. neuro-neuronal and neuromuscular
3. uni- and bidirectional
4. en passant

Question 31

eyes of some cubozoan jellyfish have

Answer 31

a lens, cornea, and retina

Question 32

nerve nets of coelenterates distinguished by (3)

Answer 32

1. morphology
2. function
3. neurotransmitters

Question 33

ganglia

Answer 33

no true ganglia, increased density of neurons in margin of jellyfish

Question 34

sensory structures of coelenterates

Answer 34

chemo- and mechanosensory cells, nematocysts; ocelli (light receptors) and statocysts (gravity receptors)