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Animal Behaviour > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)

A

‘History of animals’, ‘Generation of animals’, ‘Parts of animals’; described > 500 species)

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2
Q

Who?

similarity in shape usually meant similarity in behaviour

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Who? humans alone possess the rational part of the soul, animals possess only the vegetative and sensitive parts

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

Descartes (1596-1650)

A

anatomical location of soul; study of reflex action; considered brain an organ integrating body and mind

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5
Q

Who?

did not believe that animals can feel pain, since they do not have minds

A

Descartes

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6
Q

Claude Bernard (1813-1878)

A

French physiologist; ‘milieu interieur’; relative stability of internal environment; proponent of vivisection in Europe

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7
Q

Who?

was a proponent of vivisection in Europe

A

Claude Bernard

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8
Q

Darwin (1809 - 1882)

A

‘Descent of Man’ suggests the possible continuity of cognitive processes among different species; similar emotions and gestures in primates indicates shared ancestry

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9
Q

Who?

… the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind.

A

Darwin

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10
Q

Romanes (1848 - 1894)

A

‘Animal intelligence’; first to investigate systematically the comparative psychology of intelligence using an anecdotal method

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11
Q

Who?

Does the organism learn to make new adjustments, or to modify old ones, in accordance with the results of its own individual experience? If it does so, the fact cannot be due merely to reflex action

A

Romanes

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12
Q

Morgan’s Canon (1903)

A

observation on one occasion only does not suffice for the interpretation of this or that instance of behaviour; in no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of less developed processes

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13
Q

Who?

Observation on one occasion only, no matter how careful and exact that observation may be, does not suffice for the interpretation of this or that instance of animal behaviour

A

Morgan’s Canon

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14
Q

Who?

In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terems of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development

A

Morgan’s Canon

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15
Q

Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

Puzzle box experiments; first empirical and theoretical analyses of animal learning; most basic form of learning is trial and error learning; Law of Effect; proponent of eugenics

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16
Q

Law of Effect

A

a behaviour that is followed by a satisfying consequence is strengthened (more likely to occur) and a behaviour that is followed by an annoying consequence is weakened (less likely to occur)

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17
Q

Who?

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike

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18
Q

Who?

Only a single case is studied, and so the results are not necessarily true of the type; the observation is not repeated, nor are the conditions perfectly regulated; the previous history of the animal in question is not known

A

Thorndike

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19
Q

Who?

[the books] have all been about animal intelligence, never about animal stupidity

A

Thorndike

20
Q

Who?

3 defects: 1) only a single case is studied; 2) the observations is not repeated, nor are the conditions perfectly regulated; 3) the previous history of the animal is not known

A

Thorndike

21
Q

Spalding (1841-1877)

A

‘On Instinct’; imprinting in domestic chicks; blindfold and deafening experiments in chicks; critical periods

22
Q

Loeb (1859-1924)

A

‘Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology’; tropism and taxis;

23
Q

stimulus-response (S-R)

A

simple directed responses to specific stimulation

24
Q

tropism

A

S-R in plant species

25
Q

taxis

A

S-R in plant species

26
Q

Who?

there is no principled distinction between reflex movement, tropism, and instinct

A

Loeb

27
Q

Who?

behaviour is forced by a stimulus, no consciousness is required

A

Loeb

28
Q

Sherrington (1857-1952)

A

‘The Integrative Action of the Nervous System’; introduced the term synapse

29
Q

Who?

studied functional relations between reflexes and behaviour patterns

A

Sherrington

30
Q

Jennings (1868-1947)

A

‘The Psychology of a Protozoan’; trial and error learning in invertebrates; biological process are identical across the animal kingdom

31
Q

Who?

challenged the theory of physiochemical tropisms in animals championed by Loeb

A

Jennings

32
Q

Pavlov (1849-1936)

A

theory of conditional reflexes

33
Q

J. Huxley (1887-1975

A

integration of behaviour; ecology and evolution using Great Crested Grebe reproductive behaviour

34
Q

Heinroth (1871-1945)

A

comparative behaviour of ducks and geese; rediscovered imprinting; ‘developed the term ‘ethology’ for study of instinctive behaviour

35
Q

Who?

developed the term ‘ethology’ for study of instinctive behaviour

A

Heinroth

36
Q

shared Nobel prize in Medicine in 1973

A

1) Karl von Frisch, 2) Nikolaas Tinbergen, 3) Konrad Lorenz

37
Q

Karl von Frisch (1886-1982)

A

extensive work on the sociality of bees; bee dance

38
Q

Lorenz (1903-1989)

A

‘On Aggression’; confirmed previous work that chicks imprint on anything that moves; critical period: 10-20 hours after hatch; FAPs

39
Q

Who?

determined that the critical period for imprinting in chicks is 10-20 hours after hatch

A

Lorenz

40
Q

FAPs

A

Fixed Action Patterns

41
Q

sign-stimulus or releaser

A

relatively complex stimuli; triggered a series of FAPs (Lorenz)

42
Q

Tinbergen (1907-1988)

A

similar issues as Lorenz investigating wasps and seabirds; field obs and lab work; stickleback courtship; hawk/goose effect

43
Q

sign-stimulus that activates FAP (evasive response) in songbirds

A

short neck, long tail

44
Q

IRM

A

innate releasing mechanism (Lorenz); ‘releases’ the response (FAP) to the sign stimulus

45
Q

Darwin, Spalding, Loeb, Sherrington, Jennings, Pavlov . . . were not supported by later work on?

A

simple behaviours are reflexive, complex behaviours are a multiple series of reflexes

46
Q

Pavlov, Huxley, Heinroth, Lorenz, Tinbergen . . . were largely wrong about?

A

behaviour of FAPs driven by motivational state, simple and complex behaviours thought to be largely instinctive

47
Q

Karl von Frisch - language of honey bees; Goodall - Chimpanzee behaviour; Schaller - comparative behaviour of large carnivores and gorillas; S. Hrdy - Langur behaviour: female reproductive strategies; F. de Waal - comparative behaviour of the primates . . . supports?

A

culturally-derived behaviour

Animal Behaviour (3 decks)

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