Organization of Data

Question 1

Define data.

Answer 1

used to describe a set of numbers

Question 2

Define raw score.

Answer 2

used to indicate a measurement of some type for a single studentq

Question 3

The raw scores make up what we call the ______ for any specific measure.

Answer 3

data

Question 4

When we gather data on a large number of students you find the ______ for each individual may be different.

Answer 4

raw score

Question 5

What is descriptive statistics?

Answer 5

• testing the characteristics and abilities of an individual or group and using this data for evaluation
• entire group is tested
• no attempt is made to use their results to predict the characteristics of any larger group

Question 6

Give an example of descriptive statistics.

Answer 6

• if we tested a group of 15 female soccer players, the results would only apply to that group of 15
• It would not apply to all female soccer players.

Question 7

What is inferential statistics?

Answer 7

testing the characteristics and abilities of a sample and generalizing about the entire population

Question 8

Give an example of inferential statistics.

Answer 8

• taking a sample of 25 out of 150 Kinesiology students
• testing these 25, and then using their results to make predictions or assumptions of the entire group that they would have similar characteristics
• The sample of 25 would have to be representative of the entire population.

Question 9

What is empirical research?

Answer 9

• based on observed and measured phenomena

- derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief

Question 10

What is data from empirical research called?

Answer 10

empirical data

Question 11

What are the 4 levels of measurement?

Answer 11

• nominal scale
• ordinal scale
• interval scale
• ratio scale

Question 12

Describe the nominal scale.

Answer 12

• most simple
• nom means name
• uses numbers to describe or name categories

Question 13

Give an example of the nominal scale.

Answer 13

• in football we use numbers in the 40’s to designate fullbacks, 60’s for guards, 70’s for tackles, 80’s for ends and so on.
• A player whose number is 96, of course, is not twice as good, or valuable as a player whose number is 43.

Question 14

Describe the ordinal scale.

Answer 14

• the numbers have a ranked value
• First place is better than third place, although we may not know by how much
• cardinal numbers (one, two, three etc.)

Question 15

Give an example of the ordinal scale.

Answer 15

• the order of finish in a cross country meet

- their place is determined not by their exact time, but by their rank

Question 16

______ numbers may be used in arithmetic operations, where as ordinal numbers cannot be used logically.

Answer 16

cardinal

Question 17

Why is the interval scale better than the ordinal scale?

Answer 17

it tells you how much better a person is than another

Question 18

Describe the interval scale.

Answer 18

• measurements have equal intervals
• interval numbers are cardinal
• the values within the scale of numbers are equal (equal intervals)
• rank is implied
• no true zero point

Question 19

Why are interval numbers cardinal?

Answer 19

you could say that one’s increase was twice as much as the other

Question 20

The highest level of measurement is called …

Answer 20

the ratio scale

Question 21

Measurements in the category of the ratio scale fall on a scale that has:

Answer 21

• direction
• equal intervals
• true zero point

Question 22

In physical education most of our measurements fall into which level of measurement?

Answer 22

the ratio scale

Question 23

Because the scale has equal intervals and a true zero…

Answer 23

all arithmetic operations are possible (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) with the data

Question 24

Why is it hard to categorize the level of measurement for HR?

Answer 24

• depends on whether the assumption is made that the person is alive
• measurement is rate/minute but is measured on a scale that begins at zero (a ratio scale)
• live humans have a range of a normal heart rate of between 40 - 100 B.P.M. (an interval scale because no living human would have a heart rate of zero).

Question 25

The value for team standing is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 25

ordinal

Question 26

The value for height is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 26

ratio

Question 27

The value for sex is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 27

nominal

Question 28

The value for tennis serve test is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 28

ratio

Question 29

The value for age is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 29

ratio

Question 30

The value for football position is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 30

nominal

Question 31

The value for IQ is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 31

interval

Question 32

The value for temperature is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 32

interval

Question 33

The value for weight is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 33

ratio

Question 34

The value for basketball free throws is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 34

ratio

Question 35

The value for placing in 100 meter freestyle is (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Answer 35

ordinal