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Nelly > Organization of Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Organization of Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the cerebral cortex?

A

The neocortex, and the allocortex.

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2
Q

How many neuronal layers are in the neocortex?

A

6

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3
Q

What do layers V and VI do in the neocortex?

A

send axons to other brain areas. It is particularly large and distinctive in the motor cortex.

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4
Q

What does layer IV do in the neocortex?

A

receives axons from sensory systems. it’s a formation of small, densely packed cells

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5
Q

What do layers I, II, and III do in the neocortex?

A

they receive input from layer IV, which receives axons from sensory systems

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6
Q

What encompasses the allocortex (3 layers)?

A

the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb

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7
Q

What are the primary areas of the cortex?

A

they receive/send information from/to the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

what are the secondary areas of the cortex?

A
  • adjacent to primary areas
  • receive input from the primary areas
  • engaged in interpreting sensory input or organizing movements
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9
Q

What are the tertiary areas also know as in the cortex?

A

the association cortex

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10
Q

What are the tertiary areas of the cortex?

A

located between secondary areas they mediate complex activities

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11
Q

What are cytoarchitectonic maps of the cerebral cortex?

A

maps based on the organization, structure, and distribution of cortical cells

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12
Q

How many areas are found in Brodmann’s atlas?

A

44 (mostly used cytoarchitectonic map)

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13
Q

How many areas are in von Economo and Koskinas’ atlas?

A

107 in this cytoarchitectonic map

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14
Q

What is the main flaw of Talairach’s otherwise helpful stereotactic atlas, which maps out the brain from 3D, which assists neural surgeons?

A

it is based on one, older woman’s brain. the size and shape needs to be slightly modified to gauge how to deal with other brains

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15
Q

What major cytoarchitectonic map is based on hundreds of brains to assist neurosurgeons?

A

the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) Mapping Scheme

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16
Q

What do the numbers mean in Broadmann’s Atlas?

A

They are simply the order Broadmann began studying the brain so they do not technically mean anything, other than to organize the atlas.

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17
Q

What are the functions listed in Broadmann’s Atlas?

A

Vision, auditory, body sense, sensory and tertiary, motor, and motor and tertiary.

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18
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

In the forebrain

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19
Q

What are nuclei are included in the basal ganglia?

A

The Putamen, Globus Pallidus, and Caudate Nucleus

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20
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia do?

A

supports stimulus-response learning, and functions in sequencing movements

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21
Q

Starting from the top, what are the parts of the forebrain (clockwise)?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and thalamus (repeated on the other side of the brain)

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22
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

a collection of functionally and anatomically interconnected structures in the telencephalon and diencephalon.

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23
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A

CASH: Cingulate cortex/gyrus, amygdala, septum, and hippocampus

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24
Q

What does the amydala do?

A

It deals with emotion and species-typical behaviours

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25
Q

What is the hippocampus involved with?

A

Memory and spatial navigation

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26
Q

What does the septum deal with?

A

emotion and species-typical behaviour

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27
Q

What is the cingulate cortex/gyrus?

A

It is an integral part of the limbic system involved with emotion formation, learning, and memory

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28
Q

What is the amydala located under?

A

the forebrain

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29
Q

What does the amygdala lie on the end of?

A

the hippocampus

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30
Q

What are found down the fornix from the amygdala

A

mammilary bodies

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31
Q

What are the long tubes that lead from the amygdala, down the hippocampus, and to the mammilary bodies?

A

the fornix

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32
Q

What loop is occurring during simple movements that are involved in the forebrain?

A

The primary motor loop

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33
Q

What loop is occurring when complex movements are involved in the forebrain?

A

the premotor loop

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34
Q

What loop is occurring when eye movements are involved in the forebrain?

A

oculomotor loop

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35
Q

What loop is occurring when cognition is involved in the forebrain?

A

the dorsolateral loop

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36
Q

What loop is occurring when reward, and/or evaluation is inspired bythe brain, and going through the forebrain?

A

the orbitofrontal loop

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37
Q

What part of the brain is involved with rapid evaluation of sensory input, and the generation of emotional responses to external stimuli?

A

The amygdala

38
Q

What part of the brain is the hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus a part of?

A

the diencephalon

39
Q

What structure interacts with the pituitary gland, and participates in nearly all aspects of motivated behaviour?

A

the hypothalamus

40
Q

What structure is poorly understood, and is associated with biorhythms, hunger, and thirst?

A

the epithalamus

41
Q

What structure relays sensory information to appropriate targets, between cortical areas, and between the forebrain and brainstem, respectively?

A

the thalamus

42
Q

What structure that is a part of the limbic system is a great ‘relay’ nucleus that bridges the cortex and the spinal cord; receives auditory, somatosensory and visual signals; relays sensory signals to the cortex (ipsilateral projections to and from the cortex); controls sleep and awake states; and is connected to the hypothalamus?

A

the thalamus

43
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved with?

A

cognition (e.g. mathematical equations)

44
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus involved with?

A

emotions (e.g. crying)

45
Q

What is the parietal cortex involved with?

A

viewing distances (small vs. far away)

46
Q

What is the auditory cortex involved with?

A

hearing

47
Q

What is the motor and premotor cortex involved with?

A

any intentional muscular movement, like picking up something

48
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex involved with?

A

automatic bodily functions, such as growing hair

49
Q

What is the visual cortex involved with?

A

seeing

50
Q

What are the brain does the parietal cortex deal with?

A

the pulvinar

51
Q

What do these parts belong to? The medial preoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the posterior nucleus, and the mamillary body

A

the diencephalon

52
Q

What part of the diencephalon deals with heat dissipation?

A

the anterior nucleus

53
Q

What part of the diencephalon deals with circadian rhythms?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

54
Q

What part of the diencephalon deals with appetite and thirst/

A

the lateral hypothalamic area

55
Q

What part of the diencephalon deals with heat conversation?

A

the posterior nucleus

56
Q

What part of the diencephalon deals with satiety?

A

the ventromedial nucleus

57
Q

What part of the diencephalon deals with hormone regulation?

A

the arcuate nucleus

58
Q

What is the midbrain known as?

A

the mesencephalon

59
Q

What is located in the uppermost portion of the brainstem?

A

the mesencephalon

60
Q

What are cerebral peduncles?

A

fiber tracts connecting the cortex, cerebellum, and the spinal cord

61
Q

What is the tectum involved with?

A

the inferior and superior colliculi (“hills”)

62
Q

What is the tegmentum

A

as the covering or the midbrain floor, it surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

63
Q

What structures in the tectum receive input from the eyes?

A

superior colliculi

64
Q

What structures in the tectum receive input from the ears?

A

the inferior colliculi

65
Q

What is the tementum known for?

A

nuclei that control eye movements

66
Q

What does the diencephalon sit above?

A

the midbrain

67
Q

What does the midbrain sit above?

A

the hindbrain

68
Q

What part of the brain do the red nucleus, substania nigra, and peri-aqueductal gray matter from?

A

the midbrain

69
Q

what is the red nucleus for?

A

limb movements

70
Q

what is the substania nigra for?

A

reward and initiation of movement

71
Q

what is the peri-aqueductal gray matter for?

A

modulating pain response, and other species-typical behaviours (like sex)

72
Q

What are the parts If you took a crosssection of the tegmentum, would you see any colours?

A

Yes, but very faint for the different portions of it

73
Q

Within the tegmentum, which ones sit in the middle, and therefore are not a part of a pair, respectively?

A

the cerebral aqueduct (within the periaqueductal gray matter)

74
Q

What are the pons and cerebellum a part of?

A

the metencephalon

75
Q

What is the pons?

A

a “bridge” that functionally connects cortex and cerebellum

76
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

a neronal computer which is involved in sensorimotor integration

77
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located within?

A

the myelencephalon

78
Q

What structure controls cardiac and respiratory functions, as well as serves as the reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing swallowing, etc.?

A

the medulla oblongata

79
Q

What do the pons and medulla belong to?

A

the hindbrain

80
Q

What wraps around the reticular formation?

A

the pons

81
Q

what sits behind the hindbrain?

A

the cerebellum

82
Q

what structures serve many functions, including waking, sleeping, and locomotion?

A

the pons and medulla (hindbrain)

83
Q

What is decussation?

A

structures that move to opposite sides within another structure

84
Q

what structure’s pyramidal tract undergoes decussation?

A

the medulla

85
Q

When motor areas of the cortex go down the brain, what structure do they go to first?

A

the corona radiata

86
Q

after the corona radiata, what structure do tracts go down within the cortex?

A

internal capsule

87
Q

What scientific and professional organization of psychologists is interested in the study of brain-behaviour relationships, and the clinical application of that knowledge to human problems?

A

the Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (Division 40 of the American Psychological Association)

88
Q

What sense is the thalamus NOT involved with?

A

smell (olfactory)

89
Q

What is Wernicke’s Area, and what is damage of it associated with?

A

Deals with reception of speech and being able to articulate words, but does not make sense (Wernicke’s asphasia) attached by the articulate feniculous

90
Q

What is autoradiography?

A

injecting a radioactive isotope to a glucose molecule, inject it to an experimental animal, taken up by neurons, and the more active neurons take up more of it, vs the less active ones; measures neural activity of grey matter and ipsilateral white cortical matter

Nelly (9 decks)

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