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Nelly > History of Neuropsychology > Flashcards

History of Neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

What did Franz Joseph Gall develop in an early attempt to relate mental faculties to specific brain locations?

A

functional localization

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2
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

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3
Q

What process is described during the development of experimental methods for ‘parsing’ the various stages of information processing within the brain during performance of carefully timed tasks?

A

mental chronometry

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4
Q

What study defines brain structure/function relationships by studying patients who suffered penetrating missile wounds to the head?

A

“gunshot wound neurology”

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5
Q

What is brain metabolism?

A

measurement of the relationships between function and structure by monitoring local changes

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6
Q

What are brain abnormalities found in localization technologies?

A

lesions caused by disease or accident

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7
Q

What did Camillo Golgi develop, being a chemical process for revealing thte details in a thin slice of nervous system tissue?

A

“la reaction negra”

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8
Q

What solution is absorbed into small fraction of the cell bodies and axonal processes in a slice of nervous system tissue in visualization processes, rendering the slices opaque to light?

A

silver nitrate

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9
Q

What did Golgi’s “stain”, by using a microscope, make it possible to see in his visualization technique?

A

silhouettes of individual cells in the nervous system

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10
Q

Who actually realized that Golgi’s stain showed the nervous system as composed of individual cells?

A

Santiago Ramon Y CAJAL

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11
Q

What year did Golgi and Cajal share the Nobel Prize in medicine for their work in stain techniques to encounter cells in nervous system tissue?

A

1906

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12
Q

Who prepared individual neurons revealed from staining nervous system tissue, as well as draw examples of neurons, etc.?

A

Cajal

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13
Q

What is the term used for the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye

A

microscopy

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14
Q

What do the three well-known branches, being optical, electron, and scanning probe, have to do with neurological mapping?

A

modern histologic microscopy

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15
Q

What are CRISPR techniques another name for?

A

gene splicing

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16
Q

How did Fritsch and Hitzig identify the primary motor cortex, and other brain regions that control movements via connections with the primary motor cortex?

A

they applied electrical stimuli to cortex in dogs to elicit muscle contraction on the OPPOSITE side of the body

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17
Q

What does the primary motor cortex deal with?

A

This region of cortex activates discrete muscles on the OPPOSITE side of the body

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18
Q

Did Fritsch and Hitzig in 1870 use chemicals or electricity in the cortex to cause limbs of dogs to jiggle and wiggle?

A

electricity

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19
Q

What is the Galvanometer?

A

a 19th century apparatus for recording electrical activity in muscles and nerves

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20
Q

What measures electrical responses from the heart?

A

an electrocardiogram

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21
Q

What measures the light-evoked electrical response from the eye?

A

an electroretinogram

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22
Q

What measures the electrical responses from the brain?

A

an electroencephalogram

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23
Q

Are galvanometers a fast-responder?

A

no

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24
Q

Why would the small size and noisy aspect of the nervous system be a problem for neurologists?

A

it would be more difficult to record their electrical activity in the brain

25
Q

What in 1906 by Lee Deforest vacuum triode tube that made amplication of small electrical signals possible?

A

the electronic amplifier

26
Q

What made technologies such as the transistor possible following WWII, to create complex circuits with many functional elements integrated together (or “integrated circuits”), applied to signal processing applications?

A

silicon-based technologies

27
Q

How did Adrian and Matthews record their own EEGs in 1933?

A

By using the newly invented cathode-ray oscillograph

28
Q

How were Hodgkin and Huxley able to electrically stimulate and record electrical output using electronic equipment initially developed for communication engineering by the end of WWII?

A

from individual squid giant axons

29
Q

What is defined as the structural and functional characteristics that allow an organism to reproduce more successfully are passed on to offspring?

A

natural selection

30
Q

What is required to make natural selection possible?

A

variance in structure and function?

31
Q

What provides variance in structure and function in species?

A

genetic mutation

32
Q

Was Darwin aware of Mendel’s work during his work on the theory of natural selection?

A

Yes, but it didn’t affect him

33
Q

What have impacted molecular biology to:

  • localize where, and understand how, the DNA of the genome gives rise to normal and abnormal neural tissues;
  • chemically ‘edit’ gene sequences;
  • insert foreign genetic material into cells so as to alter their ultimate phenotypic expression; and,
  • genetically engineer the expession of different proteins, so they fluoresce in different colours when irradiated with UV light, for ease of identification in histologic studies
A

modern genetic methods

34
Q

What sequences do modern genetic methods do to chemically “edit” in molecular biology?

A

gene sequences

35
Q

What type of expression is altered when foreign genetic material is inserted into cells?

A

phenotypic expression

36
Q

What of the genome gives rise to normal and abnormal neural tissues?

A

DNA

37
Q

How do different proteins fluoresce in different colours when genetically engineering the expression of different proteins for ease of identification in histologic studies?

A

they are irradiated with UV light

38
Q

What type of studies is required for neurological purposes?

  • assessment of CNS function using testing procedures requiring behavioural responses
  • standardized testing protocols
  • comparisons to ‘norms’ or controls
  • by far the widest range of methods developed to the present
  • because most tests require patient cooperation, medicine is reluctant to rely on neuropsychology results alone…
  • malingering is an issue
A

experimental psychology

39
Q

What type of intervention in brain function is used for learning, and experience?

A

behavioural

40
Q

What type of intervention in brain function is used for trauma, such as high g-force shock?

A

physical

41
Q

What type of intervention in brain function is needed for neurosurgical ablation, or electrocautery?

A

surgical

42
Q

What type of intervention in brain function is needed for drugs, alcohol, or chemicals?

A

chemical

43
Q

What type of intervention in brain function is needed for electroshock, or Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?

A

electrical

44
Q

What does TMS stand for in regards to an electrical intervention in brain function?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

45
Q

What was created by Wilder Penfield when he used electrical brain stimulation to map cortical functions in awake epilepsy patients during craniotomy?

A

the Montreal procedure

46
Q

What group did Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield found in 1934?

A

the Montreal Neurological Institute

47
Q

In the “Montreal procedure”, what is stimulated electrically to produce “experiential responses”?

A

the temporal lobe

48
Q

What activity in the temporal lobe can elicit “experiential responses”?

A

epileptic seizures

49
Q

Are patients awake or under sedation during the “Montreal procedure”?

A

awake

50
Q

What is coined as the “EMI-scanner”, developed by Hounsfield in 1970, also known as the CT or CAT scanning machine?

A

the first practical computerizezd axial tomograph machine

51
Q

What group of axial images of the brain show crosssection images?

A

Computed tomography

52
Q

What is tractography?

A

tracing axon bundles through the brain in 3D

53
Q

What projections are tracked in colour using tractography?

A

white matter

54
Q

What type of tractography can you not easily draw (as Cajal attempted years ago), and luckily is done by computer?

A

visualizing automated tractography

55
Q

In clinical tractography, does healthy control mean symmetrical projections, or not?

A

Yes. Abnormalities that are shown as asymmetrical may indicate large problems to a clinical neuropsychologist

56
Q

What is the first requirement of the Ethics of Research on Humans and Animals guideline?

A

Both human and animal research must be humane and worthwhile

57
Q

What is the second requirement of the Ethics of Research on Humans and Animals guideline?

A

Ethical approval must be sought and obtained for all research involving humans and animals

58
Q

What is the third requirement of the Ethics of Research on Humans and Animals guideline?

A

Where ethical considerations impede research progress, other alternatives are possible

Nelly (9 decks)

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