Organization As Natural System Flashcards
Emerged in the 1930’s in response to rational system approaches to organization.
Natural system
Theorist of natural system who propose that some of the difference were due to the experience and background of the researchers themselves.
Lawrence and Lorsch (1967)
Who are the rational theorists?
Fayol
Mooney
Urwick
Taylor
The Natural theorists
Mayo
Roethlisberger
Selznick
McGregor
Parson
Bernard
Two major differences between rational and natural syatems.
- Goal Complexity
- Informal structure
Natural theorists note the behavior often at odds with stated organizational goals, the real goal are different from the professed one.
Goal Complexity
He states that “ organization, according to his model, strives to survive and to maintain its equilibrium, and this striving may persist event aftes it’s explicitly held goals have been successfully attained.”
Gouldner
Natural theorists : Organic Model
Rational Theorists:
Mechanical Conception Organizations
The four main schools in natural system perspective.
- Mayo and the Human Relations School
- Barnard’s Conception of Cooperation
- Selznick’s Institutional Approach
- Parson’s Social System Model
The famous Hawthorne studies from the basic of the human relations school, and are described by Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) and Mayo (1945) and Homan’s (1950).
Mayo and the Human Relations School
Came from the Taylor tradition, and we’re studying fatique to optimize the length and spacing of rest period for maximum productivity.
Mayo and Roethlisberger
He summarize that “ Change is interesting, attention is gratifying”
Scott
Was a former president of New Jersey bell Telephone who wrote the functions of the executive (1938).
Chester I. Barnard
Barnard define the organization as “that kind of Cooperation among men that is _____, _____, ______”.
Conscious
Deliberate
Purposeful
Was a student of Merton’s at Columbia and was also a founder of institutional theory.
Philip Selznick
Selznick states that overriding need for system “ is the maintenance of the integrity and continuity of the system itself.” He defines “ derived imperative”
- Security of organization within it’s environment.
- Stability of informal relation within it’s organization.
- Homogeneity of the outlook toward meaning and role of the organization.
He attempted to develop and perfect a general analytic model sustainable for analyzing all types of collectivities.
Talcott Parson
Parson’s meaning of AGIL
Adaptation
Goal attainment
Integration
Latency
The problem of acquiring sufficient resources
Adaptation
The problem of setting and implementing goals.
Goal attainment
The problem of maintaining solidarity and coordination among subunits of the system
Integration
The problem of maintaining solidarity and coordination among subunits of the system
Integration
The problem of creating, preserving and transmitting the systems distinctive culture and values.
Latency
Parson’s four kinds of decisions
Policy decisions
Allocative decisions
Coordinative decisions
Supporting Values
Deciding what goals to pursue and how things will be attained.
Policy Decisions
Allocation of resources and responsibilities among personnels.
Allocative Decisions
How personnels will be motivated and contributions coordinated .
Coordinative Decisions
Value that serves to legitimate and authorized decision-making rights in system.
Supporting Values
He is the theorist of Decision making theory.
Simon
Simon’s (1945) _____________, ounded rationality examines that influence of environment on decision making within organization.
Decision Making Theory
According to them “ the organization and social environment in which the decision maker find himself determines what consequences he will anticipate, what one will he not, what alternatives he will consider, what ones he will ignore.
March and Simon
