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MC - Neurologia, Neurocirurgia e Neurociência > ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of?

is developed from?

A

CNS consists of the

BRAIN + SPINAL CORD

CNS is develop from the

NEURAL TUBE

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2
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

consists of ?

derives from?

A

neurons which axons grow out of neural tube

+

neurons derived from neural crest

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3
Q

PNS

which neurons are derived from neural tube?

A

skeletal motor neurons

+

preganglionic autonomic neurons

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4
Q

PNS are formed by 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 30 pairs of spinal nerves

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

cranial nerves - 12 pairs

spinal nerves - 31 pairs

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5
Q

PNS

which strutures are derived from neural crest cells ?

A

sensory neurons

+

postganglionic autonomic neurons

(cell bodies are found in ganglia)

+

Chromaffi cells

(neural crest cell migrate into the adrenal mdulla to form postganglionic sympathetic neurons)

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6
Q

Neurulation begins in the …

(week)

A

THIRD WEEK

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7
Q

CNS and PNS derived from …

ecto, meso or endoderm?

A

ECTODERM

(neuroectoderm)

notochord overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (neuroectoderm)

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8
Q

WHEN and HOW neural tube is formed?

A

By the end of the THIRD WEEK

+

neural folds grow over mildline and fuse

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9
Q

Neural crest cells also formed from neuroectoderm

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

during the closure of neural folds, neural crest cells are formed

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10
Q

Neural tube closuring

rostral neuropore closes at …

caudal neuropore closes at…

A

ROSTRAL

day 25

CAUDAL

day 27

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11
Q

Failure to close

rostral consequences …

caudal consequences…

+

substances increase ?

A

ROSTRAL

anencephaly (polyhydramios)

CAUDAL

spina bifida

+

ALPHAFETOPROTEIN and AChE are increased

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12
Q

Alphafetoprotein may also be elevated in…

A

Gastroschisis and omphalocele

AFP levels are low in pregnancy of Down syndrome fetus

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13
Q

NEURAL TUBE

the sequence is TRUE or FALSE?

3 primary vesicles –> 5 primary vesicles –> brain and spinal cord

A

TRUE

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14
Q

NEURAL TUBE

alar plate = motor

basal plate = sensory

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

alar plate (sensory) and basal plate (motor) are separated by sulcus limitans

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15
Q

NEURAL TUBE

3 primary vesicles?

A

FOREBRAIN

+

MID BRAIN

+

HINDBRAIN

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16
Q

NEURAL TUBE

5 primary vesicles

A

TELENCEPHALON + DIENCEPHALON

(forebrain)

MESENCEPHALON

(midbrain)

METENCEPHALON + MIELENCEPHALON

(hindbrain)

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17
Q

TELENCEPHALON

structures

+

neural canal remnant

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

+

MOST OF BASAL GANGLIA

+

LATERAL VENTRICLES

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18
Q

DIENCEPHALON

structures

+

neural canal remnant

A

THALAMUS + HYPOTHALAMUS + SUBTHALAMUS + EPITHALAMUS (PINEAL GLAND) + RETINA + OPTIC NERVE

THIRD VENTRICLE

19
Q

MESENCEPHALON

structures

+

neural canal remnant

A

MIDBRAIN

+

CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT

20
Q

METENCEPHALON

structures

+

neural canal remnant

A

PONS and CEREBELLUM

+

FOURTH VENTRICLE

21
Q

MYELENCEPHALON

structures

+

neural canal remnant

A

MEDULLA and SPINAL CORD

+

CENTRAL CANAL

22
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

anecephaly

(cause, main consequence and markers)

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

+

brain does not develop

+

incompatible with life

+

AFP and AChE (increase)

23
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

spina bifida occulta

A

Failure of posterior neuropore to close

+

mildest form

+

vertebrae fail to form around spinal cord

+

asymptomatic (tuft oh hair)

+
normal AFP

24
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

spina bifida with meningocele

A

Meninges protude through vertebral defect

+

increase in AFP

25
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

spina bifida with meningomyelocele

A

Meninges + spinal cord

protude through vertebral defect

+

increase in AFP

+

seen with Arnold-Chiari Type II

26
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

spina bifida with myeloschisis

A

Most severe

+

spinal cord externally

+

AChE and AFP increase

27
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

Arnold-Chiari type I

A

cerebellar tonsilis down through foramen magnum

+

Most commom

Mostly Asymptomatic

Often association with syringomyelia

28
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

Arnold-Chiari type II

A

cerebellar vermis down through foramen magnum

+

often symptomatic

obstructive hydrocephaly (IV ventricle)

often meningomyelocele

29
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

Dandy-Walker

A

Failure to form Luschka and Magendie

+

dilatation of IV ventricle

+

agenesis of cerebellar vermis and splenium of the corpus callosum

30
Q

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

Holoprosencephaly

A

Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres (one ventricle in telencephalon

+

Patau (trisomy 13)

31
Q

PNS

general organization

A
32
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

NT of all preganglionic neurons?

A

AChE

33
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

receptor of ALL postganglionic neurons?

A

NN

(neuronal nicotinic receptor)

34
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

NT of ALL PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS?

A

AChE

35
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

receptor of ALL parasympathetic sites in periphery

A

M

(muscarinic receptor)

heart, smooth muscle and glands

36
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

NT of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A
  1. NE (noripinephrine)
  2. Epi (epinephrine)
  3. Ach (acetylcholine)
37
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

receptors of sympathetic sites in periphery

A

alpha or beta (NE)

heart, smooth muscle, glands

+

muscarinic (ACh)

sweat gland, piloerector muscles

+

alpha or beta (Epi)

various organs - transported via blood

38
Q

PNS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS/RECEPTORS

somatic motor neuron

(NT + receptor in periphery)

A

ACh

+

Nm (muscle nicotinic receptor)

skeletical muscle

39
Q

PANS

overview

A

MOST IMPORTANT THINGS

40
Q

SANS

overview

A

MOST IMPORTANT THINGS

41
Q

SANS

Gray Rami

A

Gray rami are postganglionics that rejoin spinal nerves to go to the body wall

42
Q

PANS

Hirschsprung’s disease

(cause + main consequence)

A

Missing terminal ganglia in wall of rectum

+

infant cannot pass mecanium

43
Q

SANS

Horner’s Syndrome

(cause + clinic)

A

Lesion in the Superior Cervical Ganglion

+

ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis

MC - Neurologia, Neurocirurgia e Neurociência (13 decks)

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