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MC - Neurologia, Neurocirurgia e Neurociência > CEREBELLUM > Flashcards

CEREBELLUM Flashcards

1
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

The cerebellum is located …

and the relation with fourth ventricle

A

located dorsal to the pons and the medulla

the fourth ventricle between the cerebellum and the dorsal aspect of the pons

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2
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

Cerebellum is derived from…

A

Metencephalon

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3
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

The cerebellum functions …

(2)

A

Planning

+

Finetuning

skeletal muscle contractions by comparing intended with actual performance

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4
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

The cerebellum anatomy

A

vermis

+

lateral cerebellar hemispheres

(2)

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5
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

The cerebellum cortex

A

multiple parallel folds

(folia)

+

several maps of the skeletal muscles

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6
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

The cerebellum functional division

A

Vermis

(axial and proximal musculatures)

Intermediate Hemisphere

(distal musculature)

Lateral Hemisphere

(motor planing)

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7
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

The cerebellum axial division

(lobes)

A

Anterior Lobe

Flocculonodullar Lobe

(balance and eye moviment)

Posterior Lobe

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8
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

Major input to the cerebellum

and

Major outflow from the cerebellum

A

INPUT

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

(restiform body)

+

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

OUTFLOW

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

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9
Q

GENERAL FEATURES

Principle Input of each cerebellar functional region

(3)

A
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10
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Gray vs White matter

A

cortex (gray matther)

outer

+

medullary substance (white matter)

internal

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11
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

The 3 cell layers of the cortex are…

A

Molecular Layer

Purkinje Layer

Granule Cell Layer

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12
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Molecular Layer

(4)

A

Outer layer

Basket and Stellate cells

Parallel fibers (axons from granule cells layer)

Dendritic tree of the Purkinje cells

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13
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Purkinje Layer

A

Middle layer (most important)

All of the inputs to the cerebellum are direted to the Purkinje cells and only axons of Purkinje cells leave the cerebellar cortex

Single axon exits from each Purkinje cell

Punkinje cell projects to deep cerebelar nuclei or vestibular nuclei (brain stem)

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14
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Granule Cell Layer

A

Innermost layer

Golgi cells + Granule cells (only excitatory neuron)

Glomerulus

(glial capsule + granule cell + axons of Golgi cells)

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15
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Cell Types

A
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16
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Internal white matter

(contains)

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Dentate Nucleus

Interposed Nuclei

(emboliform + globose)

Fastigial Nucleus

17
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Two kinds of excitatory input (afferent fibers)

A

Climbing Fibers

+

Mossy Fibers

obs: both types can influence the firing of deep cerebellar nuclei by axon collaterals

18
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Climbing Fibers

(3)

A

Originated from Inferior Olivary Complex

(contralateral side of the medulla)

Direct powerful monosynaptic excitatory input

19
Q

CEREBELLAR CYTOARCHITECTURE

Mossy Fibers

A

Axons from all other sources of cerebellar input

(vestibular nuclei, spinal cord and others)

Indirect and diffuse excitatory input

Synapse with granule cells

Each granule cell send its axon into molecular layer

(parallel fibers)

20
Q

CIRCUITRY

Tha basic cerebellar circuits

A

Purkinje Cell receive excitatory input from

climbing fibers (directly)

parallel fibers (granule cells)

→

Purkinje Cell project an inhibitory stimulus to deep cerebellar nuclei (or vestibular nuclei)

21
Q

CIRCUITRY

Others circuitries

(inhibitory)

(2)

A

Golgi Cells

(receive an excitatory input from mossy fibers and from parallel fibers + inhibit the granule cell in glomerulus)

Basket + Stellate Cells

(receive an excitatory input from parallel fibers + inhibit Purkinje cells)

22
Q

CIRCUITRY

Outflow (projections) from Purkinje Cells

(4)

A

Purkinje Cells

Flocculonodular Lobe → lateral vestibular nucleus

Vermis → fastigial nuclei

Intermediate Hemisphere → interposed nuclei

Lateral Hemisphere → dentate nucleus

23
Q

CIRCUITRY

Major pathway

A

Purkinje cells → deep cerebellar nucleus (dentate and interposed) → superior cerebellar peduncle → contralateral ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus → motor cortex (first degree) → pontine nuclei → contralateral cerebellar cortex

24
Q

CIRCUITRY

Others efferents from the cerebellum

(3)

A
25
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES

The hallmark of cerebellar dysfunction

A

Tremor with intended movement without paralysis or paresis

ipsilateral

(contralateral outflow to thalamus, then contralateral fibers in corticospinal tract)

26
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES

Dysfunction in lesions

(hemisphere vs vermis)

A

Hemisphere

intention tremor, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, nystagmus, gaze dysfunction and hypotonia (ipsilateral)

Vermis

truncal ataxia

27
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES

Alcohol Abuse

A

Anterior Vermis

+

Gait ataxia

28
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES

Medulloblastomas or Ependymomas

A

Posterior Vermis

+

Truncal ataxia

29
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES

How to differentiate vermal lesions from dorsal columns lesions?

(both result in difficulty maintaining posture, gait or balance)

A

Romberg Sign

vermal lesion - romberg - (symptoms when eye opened)

dorsal column lesion - romberg + (symptoms when eye closed)

MC - Neurologia, Neurocirurgia e Neurociência (13 decks)

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