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Organization Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of cells working together to perform a function

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2
Q

What are organs?

A

A group of different tissues arranged to perform a function

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

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4
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst without being altered or used up

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5
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They have a specific active site which only their specific substrate can fit into

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6
Q

How does temperature/ pH denature an enzyme?

A

Bonds holding the enzyme together break, altering the active site, so the substrate can’t fit

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7
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Starch into maltose

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8
Q

Where is amylase produced? (3)

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Small intestine
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9
Q

What do proteases break down?

A

Proteins into amino acids

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10
Q

Where is protease produced? (2)

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Small intestine
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11
Q

What does lipase break down?

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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12
Q

Where is lipase produced (2)

A
  1. Small intestine
  2. Pancreas
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13
Q

Where is bile produced & stored?

A

Produced = liver
Stored = gallbladder

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14
Q

2 uses of bile?

A
  1. Neutralizes stomach acid
  2. Emulsifies fats to increase surface area
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15
Q

2 ways the stomach breaks down food?

A
  1. muscle contractions
  2. Releases the protease pepsin
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16
Q

2 uses of stomach acid?

A
  1. Kill bacteria
  2. Give the right pH for pepsin to work
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17
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Digested food is absorbed from the digestive system into the blood

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18
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Excess water is absorbed from food

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19
Q

Explain gas exchange.

A
  1. Blood in capillaries next to the alveoli contain lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen
  2. Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood, vice versa for carbon dioxide to be breathed out
  3. Red blood cells carry the oxygen to cells in the body where oxygen diffuses into them
  4. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells, into the blood to be taken back to the lungs
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20
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

One red blood cells makes 2 trips through the heart for every one cycle

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21
Q

explain the circulatory system

A

1.The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen
2. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart
3. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all other organs in the body
4. Once deposited, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart

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22
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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23
Q

How does blood move around the heart?

A
  1. Blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava
  2. Blood flows into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
  3. Atria contract pushing blood into the ventricles
  4. Right ventricle pushes blood out through the pulmonary artery
  5. Left ventricle pushes blood out through the aorta
24
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A group of cells which produce electrical impulses which spread to surrounding muscles, making them contract

25
Q

2 ways arteries are adapted to carry blood away from the heart?

A
  1. Strong, elastic walls to carry high pressure blood
  2. Thick walls, small lumen to carry high pressure blood
26
Q

2 ways veins are adapted to carry blood to the heart?

A
  1. Big lumen and thinner walls to help blood flow at lower pressure
  2. Valves to prevent backflow
27
Q

3 ways capillaries are adapted for diffusion?

A
  1. Carry blood very close to exchange cells
  2. Permeable walls for diffusion
  3. Once cell thick walls for a short diffusion pathway
28
Q

2 ways red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen?

A
  1. Biconcave disc for large surface area
  2. No nucleus - more room for oxygen
    3.
29
Q

How do red blood cells carry oxygen?

A

They contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin - reverse happens in body cells

30
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Helps blood to clot

31
Q

4 things plasma carries?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Platelets
  3. Carbon dioxide
  4. Urea
32
Q

What are stents?

A

A small mesh tube which keeps blood vessels open and allows blood to flow through them

33
Q

2 advantages of stents?

A
  1. Work for a long time
  2. Recovery is quick
34
Q

3 disadvantages of stents?

A
  1. Risk of surgery complications
  2. Risk of infection
  3. Risk of blood clots
35
Q

What are statins?

A

A drug that reduces the amount of LDL cholesterol present in the bloodstream

36
Q

3 advantages of statins?

A
  1. Reduces risk of heart attacks, strokes and CHD
  2. Increases amount of HDL cholesterol in blood
  3. May prevent other diseases
37
Q

3 disadvantages of stains?

A
  1. Patient could forget take them
  2. Negative side effects
  3. Results are not instant
38
Q

Main advantage of an artificial heart?

A

Reduced chance of the body rejecting the heart as the heart is plastic or metal

39
Q

3 disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A
  1. Surgery could lead to infection and bleeding
  2. Parts could wear out or the electrical motor could fail
  3. Blood doesn’t flow smoothly through, increasing risk of clots
40
Q

2 problems which could occur with valves?

A
  1. Stiffness - won’t open properly
  2. Leaky, losing blood in one direction
41
Q

2 types of replacement valves?

A
  1. Biological (from other mammals)
  2. Mechanical (man made)
42
Q

What does artificial blood do?

A
  1. a salt solution used to replace the lost volume of blood in an accident so the body can pump the remaining red blood cells around the body - giving the patient enough time to produce new blood cells
43
Q

4 ways diseases can interact?

A
  1. People who have weak immune systems suffer more from communicable diseases
  2. Some cancers can be triggered by viruses
  3. Immunes system reactions can trigger allergic reactions
  4. Mental health issues can be triggered by physical restrictions
44
Q

3 factors which determine your health?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Stress
  3. Access to medicine
45
Q

3 examples of risk factors which directly cause disease?

A
  1. Smoking causes lung cancer
  2. Obesity causes type 2 diabetes
  3. Too much alcohol causes liver disease
46
Q

2 types of tumours?

A
  1. Benign - harmless
  2. Malignant - invades healthy tissues
47
Q

4 lifestyle risk factors for cancer?

A
  1. Smoking - lung
  2. Obesity - bowel
  3. UV exposure - skin
  4. Viral infection - liver (from hepatitis B and C)
48
Q

What happens in the palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

Lots of photosynthesis - lots of chloroplasts

49
Q

What happens in the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

Gases diffuse in and out - lots of air spaces

50
Q

How is the epidermal tissue adapted?

A

With a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by evaporation

51
Q

How is the lower epidermis adapted for gas exchange?

A

Stomata for diffusion which can be opened and closed by guard cells in response to environmental conditions

52
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of dissolved sugars made in the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

53
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

Movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves

54
Q

What are phloem?

A

Elongated cells with small walls in the end to allow sap to flow through

55
Q

What are xylem?

A

Dead cells end to end with no top or bottom

56
Q

4 things which affect transpiration rate?

A
  1. Light intensity - brighter light = greater transpiration as stomata are most open
  2. Temperature - warmer = faster transpiration as water particles have more energy
  3. Air flow - stronger wind = greater transpiration as water vapour is swept away, reducing rate of diffusion
  4. Humidity - drier air = faster transpiration as humid air means less diffusion
57
Q

How do guard cells open and close?

A
  1. When the plant cells have lots of water they go turgid so stomata opens so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
  2. When the plant lacks water, guard cells become flaccid, closing stomata, reducing water loss.

Biology (7 decks)

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