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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Smaller and simpler - no nucleus

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Complex - contains a nucleus

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3
Q

4 features of a bacteria cell?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell wall
  4. Plasmid rings containing DNA
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4
Q

2 advantages of an electron microscope

A
  1. Higher resolution
  2. Higher magnification
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5
Q

2 disadvantages of an electron microscope?

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Large - not portable
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6
Q

Equation for magnification?

A

magnification = image/ real

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7
Q

2 ways sperm cells are specialised?

A
  1. Streamlined head to swim quickly
  2. Enzymes on its acrosome to fertilise egg
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8
Q

2 ways nerve cells are specialised?

A
  1. Long - cover distance
  2. Branched - connect to other nerve cells
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9
Q

2 ways muscle cells are specialised?

A

1/ Long - space to contract
2. Lots of mitochondria - energy for contraction

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10
Q

2 ways root hair cells are specialised?

A
  1. Long hairs - bigger surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions
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11
Q

2 ways xylem and phloem are specialised?

A
  1. Hollow and few subcellular structures - substances can travel through them
  2. strengthened with lignin - strength
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12
Q

Explain the life cycle of a cell

A
  1. Cell grows more subcellular organelles
  2. DNA duplicates to form x shaped chromosomes
  3. Chromosomes line up down the centre and the two arms of each chromosome are pulled to either end
  4. Nucleus divides and a membrane forms around the chromosomes
  5. Cell cleaves and two new daughter cells are created
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13
Q

Explain binary fission

A
  1. Plasmids and circular DNA replicate
  2. Cell expands and circular DNA move to either end of cell
  3. Cytoplasm divides and new cell walls form
  4. Cytoplasm divides fully - each new cell ahs one copy of circular DNA but various plasmids
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14
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

An embryo is made to have the same genetic information as a patient

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15
Q

Risk of using stem cells

A

Stem cells grown in a lab could become contaminated with a virus which could be passed onto a patient

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16
Q

2 ethical reasons against embryonic stem cells

A
  1. Embryos can’t consent
  2. Killing potential human life
17
Q

2 disadvantages of adult stem cells?

A
  1. Can only differentiate into certain cells
  2. Painful for patient
18
Q

Where are the stem cells in a plant?

A

Meristem

19
Q

How can stem cells be used to preserve rare plant life

A

Stem cells can produce clones of whole plants cheaply and quickly

20
Q

2 things that increase diffusion rate?

A
  1. Bigger concentration gradient
  2. Higher temperature
21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

22
Q

How do root hair cells use active transport

A

When there is more mineral ions in the cell than in the soil, mineral ions move against the concentration gradient into the cell

23
Q

How is active transport used in the gut?

A

When there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than the blood, active transport allows nutrients to be taken into the blood

24
Q

4 ways exchange surfaces are adapted?

A
  1. Thin membrane - short diffusion pathway
  2. Large surface area - more space for diffusion
  3. Lots of blood vessels - easy bloodstream access
  4. Ventilated - air can move in and out
25
Q

4 ways alveoli and villi are adapted for diffusion?

A
  1. Huge surface area
  2. Moist lining for dissolving gases
  3. Very thin walls
  4. Good blood supply
26
Q

Job of the stomata?

A

Letting carbon dioxide diffuse in and let water vapour and oxygen diffuse out

27
Q

Job of guard cells?

A

Open and close stomata if water is being lost faster than it is being replaced

28
Q

How do gills help fish breathe?

A

Oxygen enters into the fish through the mouth, and passes out at the gills, whilst oxygen diffuses from water to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the water

29
Q

3 ways gills are adapted for gas exchange?

A
  1. lamellae increase surface area
  2. lots of blood capillaries
  3. thin

Biology (7 decks)

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