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Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

Releasing toxins

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2
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

Live inside human cells and replicate themselves until the cell bursts

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3
Q

How do protists make you feel ill?

A

Transported by a vector, they are parasites living on or in an organism causing damage

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4
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

Hyphae grow and penetrate human skin

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5
Q

3 ways pathogens can spread?

A
  1. Water - cholera is caused by diahorrea contaminated water
  2. Air - Airborne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets through coughs and sneezes
  3. Direct contact - Athlete’s foot is spread by sharing contaminated towels
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6
Q

PSST for measles

A

Pathogen - virus
Spread - droplets in coughs and sneezes
Symptoms - rashes and fever
Treatment - vaccinations

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7
Q

PSST for HIV

A

P - virus
S - exchanging bodily fluids (sex or sharing needles)
S - flu like symptoms
T - no treatment

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8
Q

PSST for tobacco mosaic virus?

A

P - virus
S - direct contact
S - discoloured mosaic pattern on leaves
T - removing affected leaves

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9
Q

PSST for rose black spot?

A

P - fungi
S - water or wind
S - purple and black spots on leaves - reduced photosynthesis - less growth
T - fungicides/ remove affected leaves

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10
Q

PSST for malaria?

A

P - protist
S - mosquito vector
S - repeating fever
T - mosquito nets

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11
Q

PSST for salmonella?

A

P - bacteria
S - contaminated food
S - vomiting, diarrhoea
T - poultry vaccination

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12
Q

PSST for gonorrhoea?

A

P - bacteria
S - sex
S - painful urination & green discharge
T - antibiotics/ condoms

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13
Q

4 ways to reduce disease spread?

A
  1. Hygiene (washing hands)
  2. Destroying vectors
  3. Isolating infected individuals
  4. Vaccination
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14
Q

4 barrier methods of protection in the body?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucus traps pathogens
  3. Cilia waft mucus up to the throat
  4. Stomach acid
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15
Q

3 ways white blood cells kill pathogens?

A
  1. Phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens
  2. Producing antibodies when the cell detects unusual antigens that locks onto the pathogen and kills it
  3. Antitoxins
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16
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A
  1. Injecting a dead/ weekend version of the pathogen causes white blood cells to detect antigens and produce antibodies
  2. If the same antigens appear again, white blood cells remember and produce antibodies quickly
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17
Q

2 pros of vaccination?

A
  1. Controlling communicable diseases
  2. Epidemics can be reduced - less people to pass on illness
18
Q

2 cons of vaccination?

A
  1. Don’t always work
  2. Bad reactions
19
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Reduce symptoms without destroying the cause

20
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill bacteria causing an illness

21
Q

How does bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A
  1. Bacteria mutate and may have a resistant gene
  2. Only non resistant strains will be killed
  3. Resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce, leading to worse diseases
22
Q

What is aspirin developed from?

A

Willow

23
Q

What is digitalis developed from?

A

Foxgloves

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of drug testing?

A
  1. Human cells and tissues
  2. Live animals
  3. Human patients
25
Q

What is efficacy of a drug?

A

Whether a drug works

26
Q

What is the toxicity of a drug?

A

How harmful it is

27
Q

What is dosage?

A

Concentration and how often it should be given

28
Q

Explain the stages of human volunteer drug testing

A
  1. Healthy volunteers - no harmful side effects
  2. Disease sufferers - to find optimum dose
  3. Placebo group - so doctors can see the actual difference the drug makes
29
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies produced from identical clones of a single white blood cell

30
Q

Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced?

A
  1. Mouse is injected with chosen antigen
  2. Take b lymphocytes from the mouse and fuse it with a tumour cell from a lab to make a hybridoma
  3. The hybridoma divides quickly to create lots of clones to create lots of antibodies
31
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in a pregnancy test?

A
  1. Antibodies are attached to the urine bit of the stick with blue beads attached
  2. The result strip has more antibodies stuck on so they can’t move
  3. If pregnant - HCG hormone binds to the blue antibodies, moving them up to the result strip where they bind to the other antibodies, turning the strip blue
  4. If not pregnant - Antibodies don’ t bind to anything so blue beads are carried away, but they can’t bind to anything
32
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?

A
  1. Cancer cells have antigens called tumour markers
  2. Monoclonal antibodies can be made to bind to these markers
  3. Anti-cancer drugs can be attached to the antibodies and given to the patient through a drip
  4. The drug only targets that cell as the antibody binds to the cancerous cell
33
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies locate specific molecules in a cell or tissue?

A
  1. Antibodies are developed that will bind to that specific molecule
  2. The antibodies are bound to a fluorescent dye
  3. Monoclonal antibodies will attach to the molecule and can be detected using the dye
34
Q

Problem with monoclonal antibodies?

A

Bad side effects

35
Q

What can lack of nitrates cause in a plant?

A

Stunted growth

36
Q

What can lack of magnesium cause in a plant?

A

Limited photosynthesis as magnesium makes chlorophyll

37
Q

3 symptoms of plant disease?

A
  1. Stunted growth
  2. Discolouration
  3. Spots on leaves
38
Q

2 physical defences

A
  1. Waxy cuticles
  2. Cell walls
39
Q

2 chemical defences

A
  1. Antibacterial chemicals
  2. Producing poisons
40
Q

2 mechanical defences

A
  1. Thorns
  2. Mimic

Biology (7 decks)

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